SUPPLEMENT TO THE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES

 Visit the WDA website at: http://www.vpp.vet.uga.edu/wda

President’s Corner

  As I listened to the presentations a couple of weeks ago at our annual meeting in Athens, Georgia, I was impressed by the diversity of subjects, disease entities, and animal hosts covered by the participants.  We heard about the potential role of disease in the demise of the dinosaurs, an epidemic of blindness in kangaroos in Australia caused by a virus, ethanol toxicity in waxwings in Scandinavia, and fungal infections of amphibians, to mention just a few.   It occurred to me it is that diversity of interests, professional expertise, and experience among our members that makes the Wildlife Disease Association so unique and keeps many of us traveling to the annual meeting year after year.   I believe the WDA has maintained and fostered this heterogeneity by encouraging student participation (there were 20 papers in the student session this year!), welcoming scientists from a wide variety of disciplines, and promoting international participation, as evidenced by our European, Australasian, Nordic, and Latin American sections.  Last year nearly 26% of our regular members were from outside North America.  That is the good news!  The bad news is that this year our international subscriptions declined by 33%, and our African section is no longer functional.  I am sure there are a number of reasons for the decline, probably foremost financial concerns, but the Association also has not met outside of North America for nearly 10 years (since East Berlin in 1990).  To reverse this trend and maintain our standing as an international organization, the WDA Council has decided to accept a timely invitation from the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine to sponsor a joint international meeting in South Africa in 2001 (our 50th anniversary as an association).  The theme of this conference will be “Wildlife and Livestock Disease and Sustainability: What Makes Sense?” and the meeting will be held at Kwa Maritane in Pilanesberg National Park, July 22-27, 2001.  We will provide more details about the international meeting next year at our annual meeting in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, in early June (details for that meeting provided below) and also in the pages of the Supplement and our web page.  In the meantime, mark your calenders for Jackson Hole, Wyoming, June 3-8, 2000, and for South Africa, July 22-27, 2001.  I am sure both of these upcoming meetings will be as interesting and diverse as the last one!
Tonie Rocke, WDA President.

WDA ACTIVITIES
 1999 Annual WDA Conference – Athens, Georgia.  This year’s Annual Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association is over and (if we do say so ourselves) was a great success!  A total of 191 individuals registered for the Conference, which was hosted at the University of Georgia’s Center for Continuing Education from August 8-12, 1999.  Formal events began on Sunday evening, with a reception sponsored by Merial Limited of Athens, Georgia.  Highlights of the evening included contemporary jazz music provided by Dan Nettles (son of Vic Nettles) and his combo and a spectacular light show provided via Mother Nature and a local thunder and lightening storm.  Monday evening’s Duck Pond Memorial Picnic featured Southern foods catered by Weaver D’s, a local restaurateur whose slogan “automatic for the people” has been immortalized by the rock group REM.  No evidence has surfaced that the waters of the lake were tested to honor the memory of those events that occurred at that lake so many years ago!
 As in previous years, the scientific presentations at the 1999 Annual Conference were outstanding.  Dr. Chuck Rupprecht and the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta hosted Monday’s Symposium on Rabies Re-Emergence, and conference participants were able to hear presentations and visit with rabies experts from all over the world. Other special treats included Dr. Ross MacPhee's talk as this year's American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians Cutting Edge Speaker entitled "Death in the Pleistocene: did emerging infectious diseases cause quaternary megafaunal extinctions?"  In addition, the 1999 meeting featured a University of Georgia Special Presentation by the Father of Modern Ecology, Dr. Eugene Odum whose presentation, "Humanity's Two Houses," addressed the fundamental ecological challenges that confront us as we enter the next millennium.  Tuesday’s student papers session was packed with excellent presentations by all of the students, which made selection of the Terry Amundsen Presentation Award winner an even greater challenge than usual. The contributed papers, as always, were valuable, interesting, and on topics of great importance, and most sessions were moderated by junior members of our organization allowing us to become acquainted with these future leaders of our organization.

 
 
At the Wednesday evening banquet, the Terry Amundsen Presentation Award was given to Dr. Todd Cornish of the University of Georgia, with Honorable Mention Awards to Drs. Matthew Edmonds, Felicia Nutter, and Christina Sigurdson who were in a close tie as runner-ups (Fig. 1).  At the banquet Wednesday evening, Dr. Ian Barker was recognized for his many contributions over the years by being awarded the WDA Distinguished Service Award (Fig. 2).  Dr. Bill Adrian was awarded both the WDA Emeritus Award and the coveted WDA Duck Award.  Since the Duck Award originated as a result of happenings the last time the WDA visited Athens, an account of history of the Duck Award with appropriate tributes to the former recipients was given by last year’s winner, Dr. Mark Drew.  It was fitting that all the previous winners of the Duck Award saw fit to attend this year’s conference (Fig. 3).  Additionally, four of the five previous editors, the present editor, and the future editor of the Journal of Wildlife Diseases were in attendance at the banquet (Fig. 4).  Music by a well-known regional country rock band, The Star Room Boys, entertained the brave few that stayed for the remainder of the evening’s activities.
               

Other highlights of the Conference were provided via “Georgia Moments” which were ten minute vignettes into other aspects of life in the South.  Gary Doster of the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS) gave two of these brief presentations; a soliloquy on the virtues of barbecue and an unforgettable accounting of historical life via readings from letters from the early and mid-nineteenth century.  Dr. Vic Nettles, also of SCWDS, and several two-legged and four-legged friends enlightened us on hunting dogs of the Southeast (that’s “treeing feist” for those of you who still couldn’t figure out what they were saying).  Finally, E.J. Williams of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources gave a beautiful and entertaining lesson in southeastern birds and bird conservation.
A complete listing of the presented papers can be found at the end of this issue of the Supplement.  A few copies of the Proceedings are available for purchase from the Supplement's editor, Dr. Char Quist (cquist@adl300.vet.uga.edu), for $10.00 US.
 By the time Conference participants had dispersed by the end of the meeting on Thursday, everyone was saying “…’bye, see y’all next year!”
 Contributed by Charlotte Quist and Susan Little, Conference Co-Chairs

[Note: Those individuals that desired continuing education credits or information that failed to pick up the appropriate form should contact the Georgia Center for Education or the Conference Chairs.]

WDA Student Activities. 
 Student participation in the 1999 Annual Conference of the Students Activities Section was busy this year.  We had 18 student presentations, three applicants for the Research Recognition Award and seven applicants for the WDA Scholarship.  Scott Terrell , University of Florida,  won the Student Research recognition Award.  Kimberlee Beckman, University of Alaska-Fairbanks,  won the WDA Scholarship.  Dr. Todd Cornish,  University of Georgia, won the Terry Amundsen Student Presentation Award.  Drs. Matthew Edmonds (Louisiana State University), Felicia Nutter (North Carolina State University), and Christina Sigurdson (Colorado State University) won honorable mentions in the same competition.  We decided to change the prize for the Terry Amundson Student Presentation Award to $250.00 to the winner rather than repay the registration fees that sometimes were paid by the school sending the student.
 Thanks to my committee members, Sarah Shapiro Hurley, Thjis Kuiken, and Ted Leighton for their contributions to a successful year.
 Contributed by Dr. Ellis Greiner, Students Activities Committee Chairman.

 The Wildlife Disease Association offers a scholarship and two awards to encourage student participation in the Association and our annual conference, and to recognize outstanding student research.  Students are defined as undergraduate or graduate students in the basic or veterinary sciences, and veterinary interns or residents.  Potential recipients must be members of the Wildlife Disease Association or must apply for membership at the time of application for the award.  Student supervisors are encouraged to bring these awards to the attention of their students well in advance of deadlines.  The application dates for this year’s awards have passed, but students should be encouraged to apply next year.  Check last January’s Supplement for detail or watch for future postings at this site.  The available awards include:
1) Wildlife Disease Association Scholarship.  This scholarship acknowledges outstanding academic and research accomplishment, commitment, and potential in pursuit of new knowledge in wildlife disease (or "health").  The scholarship has a value of $2,000 US and is awarded annually to an outstanding student who is pursuing a master's or doctoral degree specializing in research on wildlife disease.
2)  Student Research Recognition Award.  This award is given to the student judged to have the best research project in the field of wildlife disease, based on written communication and scientific achievement.  The winner receives a plaque and up to $1,000 US to cover travel, housing, registration, etc. related to the annual conference, where his or her work will be presented.
3) Terry Amundson Student Presentation Award.  This award recognizes the best student paper presented at the annual conference.  The award is based on the scientific content of the research and the quality of the presentation.  The winner receives a plaque and $250.  In addition, up to three students receive Honorable Mention, which includes a plaque and a smaller monetary award.
 For more information regarding any of these awards or other student information, please contact Dr. Ellis Greiner, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32511 USA.  Telephone: 352-392-4700 ext.5861; FAX: 352-392-9704.  Email: greinere@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu
 

HAPPENINGS IN THE FIELD
Mycoplasma conjunctivitis in evening and pine grosbeaks.  An epidemic of mycoplasmosis affecting evening grosbeaks (Coccothraustes verspertinus) and pine grosbeaks (Pinicola enucleator) was reported at feeding stations in portions of Quebec, Canada, last winter.  Sick birds were still present in May in some regions.  Ornithologists reported that 10 to 20% of individuals, representing more than 100 birds from these two species, were sick at 14 feeding stations.  Sick birds had unilateral or bilateral catarrhal conjunctivitis and infra-orbital sinusitis.  In a few birds, the lesions were severe and the birds behaved as if they were blind.  The weakest birds could be capture by hand.  At necropsy, birds were thin, had the previously described conjunctivitis, and mild inflammation of the thoracic and abdominal air sacs.  The main histologic lesions consisted of multifocal to coalescing lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis, sialodacryoadenitis and rhinitis.  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the causative agent as Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
 This case is one of the first epizootics of M. gallisepticum in songbirds other than the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) and the American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis).  Mycoplasma sturni has been isolated from European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and the northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos).
 Adapted from I. Mikaelian et al.; Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Center Newsletter, Summer 1999, pg 6-7.

CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINE ALERT:  A Recombinant Vaccine Potentially Available for Exotic Carnivores and Ferrets - Initiation of a Letter Campaign.  Currently there are no licensed CDV vaccines commercially available that can be used safely in canine distemper virus-susceptible exotic carnivores.  The modified-live products are dangerous because they can induce clinical canine distemper in most susceptible carnivores exhibited in zoological parks.  There have been a number of outbreaks of canine distemper both in zoos and in the wild, with no capability of protecting these animals from the ravages of this disease.  Many are endangered species.  Existing modified-live canine distemper vaccines labeled for ferrets have been associated with unpleasant reactions and in some cases with immunization failures.  Pet ferrets are a growing multi-billion dollar industry that could provide a substantial market for a safe and effective canine distemper vaccine.
 Recently, Merial Ltd. in Athens, Georgia, has successfully marketed a multivalent vaccine for dogs (Recombitek series) containing a recombinant (canary pox vectored) canine distemper vaccine component which is not infectious.  In 1997, Merial provided the recombinant distemper component as an experimental monovalent vaccine to the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians'  (AAZV) vaccine committee for clinical trials in a number of carnivore species. Challenge-results in ferret-crosses showed the recombinant vaccine to be entirely safe and efficacious, and seroconversion was acceptable in most of the zoo species vaccinated, including felids.
 According to Merial, this vaccine is supposed to be developed as a monovalent ferret product that could be used (off-label) for exotic carnivores. But it is unclear when and if this will really happen.  Merial Ltd. holds a biological product, which potentially could remove the threat of canine
distemper from these valuable species.  We, therefore, urge that as a Zoo or Wildlife Park, a Conservation Organization or a Ferret Association, you write a letter directly to Merial Ltd. voicing your needs for this very important vaccine.  Please do this as soon as possible.  Send the letter to:
  Dr. Zack Mills,
  Director of Marketing
  Merial Ltd.
  115 Transtech Drive
  Athens, GA 30601
Submitted by Richard J. Montali, DVM, Chairman, Canine Distemper Vaccine Committee, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
 

What is your diagnosis?

An adult river otter found dead in the Rabbit River in Allegan County, Michigan, was submitted to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Pathology Laboratory for diagnosis.  The gray stringy tufts of fibrin seen on the parietal pleura, as well as lesions in the lungs, were caused by a parasite not normally reported from the North American river otter (Lutra canadensis).  Death was attributed to the consequences of infections with this parasite.
What was the parasite?
 (Answer is posted after the Quarterly Report Table .)
 
 

NWHC Quarterly Mortality Report, April 1999 to June 1999.  The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service received reports of sick and dead waterfowl in cornfields and adjacent flooded rice fields in several northeast/east central Louisiana parishes from November 1998 through late February 1999.  Estimated losses exceeded 10,000 birds; the primary species affected were snow (and blue) geese.  An estimated 100 waterfowl of other species were affected including Ross' and white-fronted geese, and mallards.  Waterfowl were observed feeding in cornfields that had not been harvested due to high levels of aflatoxin; some fields had been disked and the corn knocked down in others.  Freshly dead and euthanized geese were sent to the National Wildlife Health Center and Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study for examination.  At necropsy, lesions characteristic of aflatoxicosis were observed in most geese, which included hemorrhagic hepatocellular necrosis and biliary duct hyperplasia.  Some geese had degenerative lesions in other organs including the spleen, pancreas, lungs and kidneys.  Aflatoxin B1 and B2 were detected in stomach contents from one snow goose at the NWHC.  Analysis of corn from fields where the geese had been feeding and mortality occurred confirmed levels of aflatoxin as high as 8,200 ppb; far exceeding the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s acceptable levels of < 100 ppb for poultry.  (source: NWHC and SCWDS reports)
        The first reported occurrence of duck plague in Arkansas was diagnosed in waterfowl submitted to the NWHC by natural resource managers at Little Rock Air Force Base.  Fifteen Muscovy ducks, two mallards, and one Pekin duck were found dead on the base lake between April 28 and May 10, 1999.  Duck viral enteritis virus, the causative agent of duck plague, was isolated from one Muscovy and one mallard submitted to the NWHC.  Approximately 100 ducks including mallards, mallard hybrids, Pekin ducks, Muscovy ducks, and wood ducks remained at the lake after the mortality event.  Approximately 30 Canada geese also frequent the lake on a daily basis.
 
 The Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report is also available on the Internet at http://www.emtc.usgs.gov/nwhchome.html   To report mortality or if you would like specific information on these mortalities, contact one of the following NWHC staff:  Eastern US--Kathryn Converse or Kimberli Miller; Western US--Lynn Creekmore or Linda Glaser; Hawaiian
Islands--Thierry Work.  Phone (608) 270-2400, FAX (608) 270-2415 or E-mail kathy_converse@nbs.gov.
National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI  53711.

DIAGNOSTIC RIDDLE – ANSWER:

Answer: Paragonimus kellicotti
Comments:  Paragonimus kellicotti is rarely reported from otters in North America.  In Michigan, the parasite is found only in certain rivers in the southern half of the Lower Peninsula.  Coincidentally perhaps, there are very few river otters in this part of Michigan though they are relatively common elsewhere in the state.  A complete description of the lesions in the otter can be found in the following note (Stuht, J.N. 1978.  Paragonimiasis in a river otter.  Report Number 2824, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Lansing, Michigan.  2 pp.)
 

WDA SECTION NEWS

NEWS FROM AAWV
 The American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians (AAWV) met in Athens in association with the WDA annual conference.  Retiring officers Sarah Hurley (president) and Vic Nettles (secretary-treasurer) were acknowledged and thanked for their efforts.  Vic Nettles, in particular, has served the AAWV for many terms as secretary-treasurer.  New officers for the next two years include Terry Kreeger (president), Alonso Aguirre (vice-president), and Dave Jessup (secretary-treasurer).  Mike Zaccardi will assume responsibility for editing and production of the AAWV newsletter.  Margaret Wild will chair the Promotions Committee and Sharon Taylor will retain the chair of the Membership Committee.
 The AAWV hopes to become more proactive in the coming years by gaining formal representation with animal health organizations.  By unanimous vote of the members attending the meeting, the AAWV will move forward to join two groups: the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the United States Animal Health Association (USAHA).  In order to meet requirements for delegate status with the AVMA, the AAWV will form an umbrella organization with the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (AAZV).  This umbrella organization, tentatively named the National Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians, will represent the interests of both groups while allowing both associations to retain their own identity, membership, and functioning.  Membership with the USAHA will only require formal application and review of the AAWV’s constitution and bylaws.
 The AAWV will also develop an independent web page with the help of Josh Dein.  Currently, the AAWV web page is housed at the National Wildlife Health Center.  An expanded web page with chat rooms, etc. would interfere with the Center’s server and it would be appropriate that the AAWV develops its own page and address.
 Submitted by Terry Kreeger, AAWV President.

European Section.   Material suitable for publication in the Newsletter includes news of recent wildlife disease outbreaks in Europe, short case reports, announcements and reports of relevant meetings in Europe, and job and scholarship announcements. Submissions should be in English, but members for whom English is a second language and who send material in basic English or in their own language, will be accommodated as far as possible. Deadline for submission of articles for the next issue (January 2000) is 21 November 1999. Please mail (floppy disk preferred), fax or e-mail submissions to Seamus Kennedy, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland; telephone +44 (1232) 525701, fax: +44 (1232) 525767, e-mail: seamus.kennedy@dani.gov.uk

WDA SECTION CHAIRS AND CONTACT INFORMATION

Australasian Section.  For information regarding the Australasian Section, contact Lee Skerratt, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Princes Hwy, Werribee, Victoria 3030 Australia.  Telephone: 61 3 9742 8330; fax: 61 3 9741 0401; email: skerratt@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au

European Section.   For information regarding the European Section, contact Torsten Morner, The National Veterinary Institute, Department of Wildlife, Box 7073, S750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.  Telephone: +46-1867-4214; fax: +46-1830-9162; email: Torsten.Morner@SVA.SE

Latin American Section.  For information regarding the Latin American Section, contact Alonso Aguirre, TUSVM Wildlife Clinic, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.  Telephone: (508) 839-7918; fax: (508) 839-7930; email: aguirre@wpti.org

Nordic Section.  For information regarding the Nordic Section, contact Hans-Henrik Dietz, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Fur Animal and Wildlife Diseases, 2 Hangovej, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.  Telephone: 45-89-37-24-17; fax: 45-89-37-24-70; email: hhd@svs.dk

Wildlife Veterinarian Section.  For information regarding the Wildlife Veterinarian Section, contact Dr. Terry Kreeger, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 2362 Highway 34, Wheatland, Wyoming 82201 USA.  Telephone: 307-322-2571; FAX 307-766-5630; email: tekreege@wyoming.com
 
TRAINING/EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

Graduate Study in Zoo Animal Medicine and Pathology.   A three year residency/Doctor of Veterinary Science program in Zoo Animal Medicine and Pathology, commencing September 1, 2000, will be offered by the Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph and the Toronto Zoo, with the support of the Zoological Society of Toronto.  Relevant preparatory education including pathology, aquatic animal and wildlife diseases is carried out at O.V.C. during the first 8 months. The resident is then based for 28 months at the Toronto Zoo, working in all aspects of the zoo veterinary program, under the supervision of the zoo's two veterinarians, who are A.C.Z.M. diplomats.  The Toronto Zoo houses over 6000 specimens, including invertebrates and fish, in extensive outdoor and enclosed exhibits on a 700-acre site.
Specialists in reproduction and nutrition are based at the zoo.  In addition to clinical work, the resident will perform necropsies.  Follow-up pathology is completed one day a week at Guelph working in
consultation with O.V.C. pathologists.  There is a comprehensive examination in the area of Zoo Animal Medicine and Pathology at the end of the second year of the program.  A thesis
describing the results of an applied research project must be defended successfully prior to graduation.  Remuneration (about C$27,000 in the first year) is commensurate with that of residents in comparable programs at the Ontario Veterinary College.
 Applicants must possess a D.V.M. or equivalent qualification, and must meet the standards for admission to the Faculty of Graduate Studies at the University of Guelph.  Selection of the successful applicant is based on a combination of academic criteria, relevant interest and experience, referees' evaluations, and an assessment of the candidate's career goals and motivation.  Requests for further information, and application forms, should be addressed to The Graduate Secretary, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G
2W1; Email: tdavis@uoguelph.ca.  Telephone or Email inquiries should be directed to Dr. Ian Barker (519) 823 8800, Ext. 4616; FAX (519) 8245930; Email ibarker@ovc.uoguelph.ca.  Closing date for receipt of completed applications and supporting documentation is February 25, 2000.

Postdoctoral Training in Zoo Animal Pathology.  The National Zoological Park,  Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. has an anticipated 2-year traineeship in pathology available July, 2000.  The annual stipend is approximately $25,000 plus some benefits.  Time in training may be applied to ACVP eligibility.  Training will emphasize gross and microscopic diagnosis of case material originating from the zoo’s collection with opportunities to conduct pathologic investigations of diseases in a wild range of zoo animals.  The zoo has a strong program in clinical and comparative medicine.  Members of the veterinary staff have affiliations with the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and maintain academic appointments at Johns Hopkins and George Washington Universities, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences where participation in comparative pathology training and formal course work are available.  Applicants must have a DVM or equivalent degree from an AVMA accredited veterinary college and should send academic transcripts, 3 letters of recommendation, and a resume with a short narrative of prior pathology experience and goals by December 30, 1999 to:  Dr. Richard Montali, Department of Pathology, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008.  This program is provided through the Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ) and is subject to funds availability; it is not a federal position.

Directory of Post-Graduate Educational Opportunities in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.   The World Association of Wildlife Veterinarians has recently produced a Directory of Post-Graduate Educational Opportunities in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.  The Directory covers opportunities in over fifty countries and is a must for veterinary students or graduates interested in furthering their careers in the field of wildlife medicine.  For further information, please contact the Secretary of the WAWV at: F.Scullion@zoo.co.uk
 

MEETING ANNOUNCEMENTS

Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians Conference.  October 6-9, 1999; Columbus, Ohio.  For more information, contact Dr. Wilbur B. Amand, Executive Director, 6 North Pennell Road, Media, Pennsylvania 19063 USA.  Telephone: (610) 892-4812; FAX: (610) 892-4813.  Email: 75634.235@compuserve.com

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference.  October 9-14, 1999; Columbus, Ohio.  The American Association of Zoo Veterinarians will hold its' annual conference in Columbus, Ohio on October 9-14, 1999.  Program sessions include avian medicine, primates, small mammals/carnivore, nutrition, large mammals/hoofstock, reptilian and amphibian medicine, infectious diseases, reproductive technologies/contraception, ethics, imaging, gerontology and case reports.  There will also be a poster session, veterinary student and resident/graduate paper competitions, and workshops/wet labs.  A new feature this year will be the presentation of three master sessions.
 For information regarding session chairpersons, please contact Michael Barrie DVM, at the Oklahoma City Zoo, 2101 NE 50th, Oklahoma City, OK 73013.  Telephone: (405) 425-0249; FAX: (405) 425-0207.  Email: mbarrie@okczoo.com.  For general information regarding the meeting, contact:  Dr. Wilbur B. Amand, Executive Director, 6 North Pennell Road, Media, Pennsylvania 19063 USA.  Telephone: (610) 892-4812; FAX: (610) 892-4813.  Email: 75634.235@compuserve.com

The 8th Annual Mid-Western Exotic Animal Medicine Conference.  October 23-24, 1999; Manhattan, Kansas.  Topics include the surgery, medicine and captive management of birds, reptiles, and small exotic mammals.  Participants will receive 9.5 hours of continuing education credit.  Dr. Avery Bennett will present an optional wet-lab on “Surgical Techniques in Birds”.  Participants will receive 3.5 hours of continuing education credit.  For more information, contact: Dr. James W. Carpenter, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.  Telephone: (785) 532-5690; FAX: (785) 532-4309; email: carpentr@vet.ksu.edu

4th International Wildlife Ranching Symposium.  November 8-12, 1999; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  The 4th International Wildlife Ranching Symposium will be held at the Regal Constellation Hotel in Toronto, Ontario, Canada from November 8-12, 1999.  The Wildlife Ranching Symposium Series, which is hosted by the North American Elk Breeders' Association, was developed to bring together the diverse disciplines in agriculture and wildlife in order to confront the need for sound but evolving approaches to all facets of wildlife and habitat management.  Through the co-ordination of both technical and practical experience and research, mission-orientated goals can be developed to vertically integrate new tools, information, and benefits to the private sector and management, conservation, and production of wildlife.  The program will be designed to disseminate the information for professional, scientific, and practical applications.  Academic, government, policy makers, researchers, wildlife managers, and game farm and industry persons should attend the symposium.  The theme of 4th IWRS is "Biodiversity, Conservation & Sustainability, Ecotourism, Traditional Medicines & Health".  The Program will feature a Plenary Session on Historical View of Wildlife Domestication and Utilization, Politics and Wildlife Management, and Wildlife Utilization and Conservation.  This is a call for papers and posters.  Proposed titles for papers and/or posters should be sent to Dr. Lyle A. Renecker, Chairman, 4th International Wildlife Ranching Symposium R.R.# 5, Stratford, Ontario, Canada N5A 6S6.  Telephone: (519) 393-6425; FAX: (519) 393-6404.  E-mail: ltrenecker@golden.net

British Veterinary Zoological Society’s Zoo and Exotic Animal Anaesthesia and Surgery Meeting.  November 20-21, 1999; London, UK.  This 2 day meeting, which will be held at the Meeting Rooms of the Zoological Society of London, will concentrate on the modern approach and advances within the field of anaesthesia and surgery in birds, reptiles, small mammals, zoo animals, fish, etc.  Anyone wishing to present a paper should contact Steve Divers (SteveDVet@aol.com). Exotic Animal Centre, 12 Fitzilian Avenue, Harold Wood, Romford, Essex RM3 0QS, UK. Fax: 44 (0)1708 344318.  You don’t have to be an academic high roller, super-specialist or all-round action-packed super-hero to present.  Student papers, reviews, new techniques and procedures, as well as original research are all very welcome.  For registration details, please contact Derek Lyon (DGLyon9@aol.com).  Brackenwood, 67 Wynnstay Lane, Marford, Wrexham LL12 8LH, UK. Fax: 44 (0)1978 852065.

Year 2000 Meeting of the European Division of the Wildlife Disease Association (EWDA).  May, 2000; Zaragoza, Spain.  The 4th meeting of the EWDA is provisionally scheduled to take place in Zaragoza, Spain during the first week of May, 2000.  The SEDIFAS Wildlife Diagnostic Service will organize it at Zaragoza University.  A meeting of the Groupe d'Etude de l'Ecopathologie de la Faune Sauvage (GEEFSM) is due to take place around the same time and a joint conference session between EWDA and GEEFSM is planned.  For further information, contact Christian Gortázar, SEDIFAS Wildlife Diagnostic Service, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, c./ Miguel Servet 177, E-50.013 Zaragoza, Spain. Fax: +34 976 105 209; Tel: +34 610 444 207; E-mail: ebronatura@facilnet.es

49th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association.  June 3-8, 2000; Jackson, Wyoming.  Next year’s conference will held at the Jackson Lake Lodge located within Grand Teton National Park.  This will be a great opportunity for the family to enjoy hiking, river rafting, sightseeing, fishing, horseback riding, golf, and tennis.  The town of Jackson offers hundreds of unique shopping opportunities.  Yellowstone National Park and the National Elk Refuge are adjacent to Grand Teton National Park.  Attendees are encouraged to make early reservations at the Jackson Lake Lodge (800-628-9988) and for rental cars in Jackson.  For more information, contact Terry Kreeger, Wyoming Game and Fish Department at 307-322-2571 or tekreege@wyoming.com.

Note from the Editor: Please send meeting announcements, diagnostic riddles, position and grant announcements, miscellaneous items, etc. for the Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases to Charlotte F. Quist, SCWDS/Athens Diagnostic Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; telephone: (706) 542-5349; fax: (706) 542-5977; e-mail: CQUIST@ADL300.VET.UGA.EDU   Double spaced typewritten or electronic mail files in WordPerfect 5.1 or Microsoft Word are preferred.  The deadline for submission of articles for the next issue (January 2000, JWD Vol. 36, No. 1) is November 25, 1999.

1999 WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE PAPERS AND POSTERS.  The titles and authors of the papers presented at the 48th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association are presented below.  The name of the presenter is underlined.
THE RABIES PARADOX: WILL CHANCE STILL FAVOR THE PREPARED MIND?  CHARLES E. RUPPRECHT
RABIES VIRUS: REFLECTIONS ON ITS EVOLUTION.  ALEXANDER I. WANDELER
AUSTRALIAN BAT LYSSAVIRUS – CURRENT SITUATION AND SOME EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES.  K. A. McCOLLI, R. A. LUNT, P. T. HOOPER

ECOLOGY & POPULATION BIOLOGY OF BAT RABIES IN THE UNITED STATES.  SHARON L. MESSENGER
RABIES IN LATIN AMERICA: IT'S A JUNGLE OUT THERE! CECILIA C. DeMATTOS, MYRIAM FAVI, VERÓNICA YUNG, SALVANA FAVORETTO, NELIO MORAIS, ELIZABETH LOZA-RUBIO, ALVARO AGUILAR-SETIÉN, CARLOS A. DeMATTOS

A PROPOSED MIDDLE EAST REGIONAL RABIES CONTROL PROGRAM.  S.B. LINHART, M. AMARIN, R. de ROOIJ, A. el-TAWEEL, M. HASSUNAH, A. SHIMSHONY

SUCCESS AND SETBACKS OF THE ORAL VACCINATION OF RED FOXES IN EUROPE.  M. AUBERT, V. BRUYERE , J. BARRAT, F. CLIQUET

RABIES VIRUS (GENOTYPE 1): GENETIC DIVERSITY AND INSIGHT INTO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VIVERRID RABIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA.  J. P. LOWINGS, E. BLACK, J. SMITH, L. M. McELHINNEY, J. H. A. BOWEN-DAVIES, A. KING, P. JOHNSTONE, J. E. WHITBY, P. HEATON

AN OUTBREAK OF RABIES IN CENTRAL SAUDI ARABIA: HAS IT AFFECTED HOST POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY?  STEPHANIE OSTROWSKI, DANIEL M. LENAIN
ORAL WILDLIFE RABIES VACCINATION: BIOMARKER (TETRACYCLINE) ASSESSMENT.  CATHLEEN A. HANLON, MICHAEL NIEZGODA, CHARLES E. RUPPRECHT

RABIES VACCINE, LIVE VACCINIA VECTOR: BIOSIMILARITY COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE VRG VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS BY SEROLOGIC EVALUATION IN RACCOONS, PROCYON LOTOR. LAURI MOTES-KREIMEYER, JOHN C. WLODLOWSKI, PATRICK A. TANNER, GUILLERMO GALLO, JENNIFER CONLON, MARC MACKOWIAK

RABIES VACCINE, LIVE VACCINIA VECTOR ORAL VACCINATION OF COYOTES, CANIS LATRANS, IN SOUTH TEXAS USING AN EXPERIMENTAL COATED SACHET VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM.  SAMUEL B. LINHART, JOHN C. WLODKOWSKI, LAURI MOTES-KREIMEYER, M. G. FEARNEYHOUGH, RICK SRAMEK, JOHN McCONNELL

DEATH IN THE PLEISTOCENE: DID EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES CAUSE QUATERNARY MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTIONS?  ROSS D. E. MacPHEE

NUCLEAR DNA FROM THE WOOLLY MAMMOTH (MAMMUTHUS PRIMIGENIUS): THE SEARCH FOR PLEISTOCENE VIRUSES.  ALEX D. GREENWOOD, CLARE FLEMMING, ROBERT DeSALLE, PRESTON A. MARX, ROSS D. E. MacPHEE

WILDLIFE DISEASES & GLOBAL EXTINCTION: LESSONS FROM THE PARTULA SNAIL CONSERVATION PROGRAM. PETER DASZAK, ANDREW A. CUNNINGHAM

PREDATORS, PATHOGENS, AND `ALALA: THE TRAVAILS OF ENDANGERED SPECIES REPATRIATION IN HAWAII. THIERRY M. WORK, J. GREGORY MASSEY, DAVID LEDIG, BRUCE RIDEOUT, J. P. DUBEY
DETECTION OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF DISSEMINATED VISCERAL COCCIDIOSIS (EIMERIA SP.) IN SANDHILL CRANES (GRUS CANADENSIS) AND WHOOPING CRANES (GRUS AMERICANA) BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AMPLIFICATION OF 18S rDNA. SCOTT P. TERRELL, SUSAN E. LITTLE, MARILYN G. SPALDING,  CALVIN M. JOHNSON

FLUOROQUINOLONE RESISTANT MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM FROM ENROFLOXACIN-TREATED HOUSE FINCHES (CARPODACUS MEXICANUS).  JAMES F. X. WELLEHAN, PAUL J. FUSCO, ALONGKORN AMONSIN, MARIA CALSAMIGLIA, VIVEK KAPUR

THE PREVALENCE OF LEPTOSPIRA POMONA IN CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) ALONG THE CALIFORNIA COAST, 1996.  ANGELA M. COLAGROSS-SCHOUTEN, JONNA MAZET, MELISSA CHECHOWITZ, FRANCES GULLAND, SHARON HIETALA

FIELD INVESTIGATION OF CONJUNCTIVITIS AND MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM INFECTIONS IN SONGBIRDS FROM NEW YORK.  BARRY K. HARTUP, GEORGE V. KOLLIAS, DAVID H. LEY

WILDLIFE IN SOUTH CAROLINA AS RESERVOIR HOSTS FOR TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
  MICHAEL J. YABSLEY, GAYLE PITTMAN NOBLET

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND AVIAN CHOLERA AT THE SACRAMENTO NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, CALIFORNIA.  MARGARET A. LEHR, RICHARD G. BOTZLER, MICHAEL D. SAMUEL, DANIEL J. SHADDUCK

ORAL TRANSMISSION AND EARLY LYMPHOID TROPISM OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PrPres IN MULE DEER FAWNS.  CHRISTINA J. SIGURDSON, ELIZABETH S. WILLIAMS, MICHAEL W. MILLER, TERRY R. SPRAKER, KATHERINE I. O'ROURKE, EDWARD A. HOOVER

PRELIMINARY DISCUSSIONS ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BRUCELLOSIS IN WOOD BUFFALO NATIONAL PARK, CANADA.  DAMIEN O. JOLY, FRANÇOIS MESSIER

GENETIC VARIATION OF EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS ISOLATES: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL INFLUENCES.  M. D. MURPHY, N. J. MACLACHLAN, E. W. HOWERTH, D. E. STALLKNECHT

THYROID LESIONS IN BELUGA WHALES (DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS) FROM THE ST. LAWRENCE ESTUARY AND HUDSON BAY, QUEBEC, CANADA.  PHILIPPE LABELLE, IGOR MIKAELIAN, SYLVAIN DE GUISE, DANIEL MARTINEAU

SEROLOGIC AND PCR SURVEY FOR EHRLICHIAL ORGANISMS IN RACCOONS AND OPOSSUMS FROM AN EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS ENDEMIC AREA.  JOSEPH K. GAYDOS, DAVID E. STALLKNECHT, WILLIAM R. DAVIDSON, SUSAN E. LITTLE, ASHLEY D. BEALL

SAFETY OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN RB51 IN COLLARED LEMMINGS.  MATTHEW EDMONDS, JULIA BEVINS, GERHARDT SCHURIG, SUE HAGIUS, FRED ENRIGHT, TODD FULTON, PHILIP ELZER

LAKE WHITEFISH, COREGONUS CLUPEAFORMIS, FROM THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, QUEBEC, CANADA; A BIOINDICATOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION.  IGOR MIKAELIAN, DANIEL MARTINEAU, YVES De LAFONTAINE CHANTAL MENARD, JOHN C. HARSHBARGER

HEALTH EVALUATION OF FREE-RANGING ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) REQUIRING TRANSLOCATION IN SABAH, MALAYSIA.  A. M. KILBOURN, E. J. BOSI, M. ANDAU, E. S. DIERENFELD, R. A COOK, W. B. KARESH

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON ADULT AND KITTEN SURVIVAL TIME OF FERAL CATS IN MANAGED COLONIES IN RANDOLPH COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.  FELICIA B. NUTTER, JAY F. LEVINE, MICHAEL K. STOSKOPF

HELICOBACTER-LIKE ORGANISMS IN FREE-RANGING BOBCATS (FELIS RUFUS) IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES.  RENE MEISNER, W. RANDY DAVIDSON, LESLIE D. BAUER, MOLLY MURPHY, DEBORAH E. PERZAK, ELIZABETH W. HOWERTH

AUSTRALIAN BAT LYSSAVIRUS IN QUEENSLAND.  JANINE BARRETT, PETER YOUNG, HUME FIELD, BARRY RODWELL, GREG SMITH

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN PRECLINICALLY AFFECTED ELK FROM A CAPTIVE HERD.  JEANINE PETERS, JANICE M. MILLER, ALLEN L. JENNY, TERRY L. PETERSON, K. PAIGE CARMICHAEL

THE DEER MOUSE (PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS) AS A POTENTIAL AMPLIFYING HOST FOR VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS NEW JERSEY SEROTYPE.  TODD E. CORNISH, ELIZABETH W. HOWERTH, DAVID E. STALLKNECHT

DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A RECOMBINANT CELL CULTURE BIOASSAY SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION OF PETROLEUM EXPOSURE IN SEA OTTERS (ENHYDRA LUTRIS SPP.).  M. H. ZICCARDI, I. A. GARDNER, J. A. K. MAZET, B. A. BALLACHEY, D. A. JESSUP, M. S. DENISON

HUMANITY'S TWO HOUSES.  EUGENE P. ODUM

THE HOOK LAKE WOOD BISON RECOVERY PROJECT: AN ATTEMPT TO ERADICATE BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS FROM A WOOD BISON HERD IN NORTHERN CANADA.  JOHN S. NISHI, BRETT ELKIN, TROY R. ELLSWORTH, DON BALSILLIE, C. CORMACK GATES

BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN MICHIGAN.  STEPHEN M. SCHMITT, SCOTT D. FITZGERALD, COLLEEN S. BRUNING-FANN, NATHAN ZAUEL, DALE E. BERRY

NATURALLY OCCURRING TUBERCULOSIS IN WHITE-TAILED DEER.  MITCHELL V. PALMER, DIANA L. WHIPPLE, DAVID P. ALT, KEVIN J. ESCH, JANET B. PAYEUR, COLLEEN S. BRUNING-FANN

IDENTIFICATION OF A PROTEIN IMPORTANT IN IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS INFECTIONS IN RED DEER.  MICHAEL S. DUFFY, MICHAEL D. B. BURT

XYLAZINE-INDUCED ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA IN SHIRA'S MOOSE.  TERRY J. KREEGER
REDUCING THE RISK OF TRANSMISSION OF BRUCELLOSIS FROM ELK TO CATTLE.  WALTER E. COOK, MICHAEL W. MILLER, ELIZABETH S. WILLIAMS

DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE OF DEER AND ELK.  E. S. WILLIAMS, M. W. MILLER, T. R. SPRAKER, C. SIGURDSON, A. JENNY, J. MILLER, M. HALL

CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN ARIZONA USING HUNTER-KILLED DEER AND ELK. JAMES C. DE VOS, DEBBIE BROWN, LORRAINE AVENETTI

SURVEY FOR SELECTED DISEASES IN HUNTER-KILLED ELK FROM ARKANSAS.  TODD E. CORNISH, JOSEPH L. CORN, MICHAEL E. CARTWRIGHT

EVALUATION OF THE USE OF A SURROGATE SPECIES (NOTROPIS SCEPTICUS) FOR CAPE FEAR SHINER (NOTROPIS MEKISTOCHOLAS) RECOVERY PROGRAM HABITAT HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT.  MICHAEL K. STOSKOPF, BETH CHITTICK, MAC LAW, TOM AUGSPURGER, NORM HEIL

A DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF THREE SALAMANDER MORTALITY EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH AN IRIDOVIRUS AND SUBSEQUENT GENOMIC COMPARISON OF THE VIRUS ISOLATES OBTAINED.DOUGLAS DOCHERTY, V. GREGORY CHINCHAR, CAROL METEYER, ROGER BRANNIAN, WALLACE HANSEN, JUN WANG, JINGHE MAO

CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS OF AMPHIBIANS: INVESTIGATING AN EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF WILDLIFE.  PETER DASZAK, ANDREW A. CUNNINGHAM, ALEX D. HYATT,  LEE BERGER, DAVID EARL GREEN, RICK SPEARE, MARK A. FARMER, DAVID PORTER, CORRIE C. BROWN

IMMUNOLOGY OF GREEN TURTLE FIBROPAPILLOMATOSIS IN HAWAII.  THIERRY M. WORK, ROBERT A. RAMEYER, GEORGE H. BALAZS,  SANDRA P. CHANG, CAROLYN CRAY, JOHN BERESTECKY

CAPTIVE REARING BLANDING'S TURTLES (EMYDOIDEA BLANDINGII) AS PART OF A MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OF A THREATENED POPULATION.  DANIEL R. LUDWIG, TED ANCHOR, CATHERINE M. BROWN

EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF A DOG-ORIGIN ISOLATE OF HEPATOZOON AMERICANUM TO COYOTES BY THE GULF COAST TICK, AMBLYOMMA MACULATUM.  ALAN KOCAN, C. A. CUMMINGS, R. J. PANCIERA, J. S. MATHEW, S. A. EWING, R.W. BARKER

ADAPTATIONS OF WINTER TICKS (DERMACENTOR ALBIPICTUS) TO INVADE MOOSE AND MOOSE TO EVADE TICKS.  BILL SAMUEL

WILDLIFE SURVEILLANCE FOR THE SOUTH AFRICAN TORTOISE TICK  (AMBLYOMMA MARMOREUM) IN FLORIDA.  JOSEPH L. CORN, LEROY M. COFFMAN, JAMES W. MERTINS

TROMBIDIOSIS IN THE FLORIDA BLACK BEAR (URSUS AMERICANUS FLORIDANUS).  MARK W. CUNNINGHAM, LYNETTE A. PHILLIPS, PAMELA E. GINN, JUDY S. SMITH,  DAVID S. MAEHR, DONALD J. FORRESTER

THE CENTER FOR CONSERVATION MEDICINE: LINKING ECOSYSTEM HEALTH TO HUMAN AND ANIMAL WELL-BEING.  A. ALONSO AGUIRRE, GARY TABOR, COLIN GILLIN

HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF A MONITORED POPULATION OF FREE-RANGING BAIRD'S TAPIRS (TAPIRUS BAIRDII) IN CORCOVADO NATIONAL PARK, COSTA RICA. SONIA H. FOERSTER, CHARLES R. FOERSTER

HEALTH EVALUATION OF PAMPAS DEER (OZOTOCERUS BEZOARCTICUS CELER) IN ARGENTINA.  MARCELA M. UHART, ALFREDO BALCARCE, ALEJANDRO R. VILA, MARIO S. BEADE, WILLIAM B. KARESH

CALF RECRUITMENT AND SURVIVAL IN A POPULATION OF BLACK RHINOCEROS, DICEROS BICORNIS, IN ZIMBABWE FOLLOWING IMMOBILIZATION AND DEHORNING.  MARK W. ATKINSON, MICHAEL D. KOCK
SERO-SURVEILLANCE OF MALAYSIAN BATS FOR EVIDENCE OF NIPAH VIRUS INFECTION.  HUME FIELD, JOHARA MOHD YOB, CHRIS MORRISSY, PAUL SELLECK

AN EPIDEMIC OF BLINDNESS IN KANGAROOS CAUSED BY A VIRUS.  P. T. HOOPER

DOMOIC ACID TOXICITY IN CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) STRANDED ALONG THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA COAST.  FRANCES M. D. GULLAND, MARTY HAULENA, LINDA J. LOWENSTINE, K. LEFEBVRE, T. LIPSCOMB, T. ROWLES, C. SCHOLIN, T. SPRAKER, V. TRAINER, F. VAN DOLAH

AFLATOXICOSIS IN SNOW GEESE FEEDING IN LOUISIANA CORN FIELDS.  K. A. CONVERSE, L. SILEO, T. CORNISH, D. FINLEY

WINTER MORTALITY IN  WAXWINGS (BOMBYCILLA GARRULUS) CAUSED BY ETHANOL INTOXICATION.  TORSTEN MÖRNER, ANNA-LENA BARMARK, ERIK NORDKVIST, DESIRÉE S. JANSSON, CARL HÅRD AF SEGERSTAD

RECENT POISONINGS OF WILDLIFE IN NEW YORK WITH ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES.  WARD B. STONE, KEVIN P. HYNES, JOSEPH C. OKONIEWSKI, JAMES R. STEDELIN

LEAD EXPOSURE IN BLACK DUCKS AND WATERFOWL MORTALITY FOLLOWING IMPLEMENTATION OF NONTOXIC SHOT.  MICHAEL D. SAMUEL, E. FRANK BOWERS, LYNN H. CREEKMORE

METHYLMERCURY EXPOSURE IN WADING BIRDS: A COMPARISON OF CAPTIVE DOSING AND NATURAL EXPOSURE.  MARILYN G. SPALDING, PETER C. FREDERICK

THE OCCURRENCE OF DUCK PLAGUE VIRUS IN NON-MIGRATORY WATERFOWL IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA OF MARYLAND.  WALLACE R. HANSEN, DOUGLAS E. DOCHERTY, KATHRYN A. CONVERSE, SEAN W. NASHOLD

ATOXOPLASMOSIS IN THE BALI MYNAH IN THE UK & THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF ATOXOPLASMA.  PETER DASZAK, STANLEY JOHN BALL, DAVID JEGGO,  ANDREW G. GREENWOOD

SPIROCHETOSIS DUE TO AN UNUSUAL BORRELIA SP. IN A NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL.  NANCY J. THOMAS, ALAN G. BARBOUR, JONAS BUNIKIS, MARK J. WOLCOTT

A SEROTYPE-SPECIFIC PCR ASSAY FOR AVIAN CHOLERA (PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA SEROTYPE 1).  TONIE E. ROCKE, SUSAN R. SMITH

ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH AVIAN CHOLERA OUTBREAKS IN WETLANDS.  MICHAEL D. SAMUEL, DIANA R. GOLDBERG, DANIEL J. SHADDUCK

EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON SURVIVAL OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA (AVIAN CHOLERA) ORGANISMS.  JESSIE PRICE, MELODY MOORE, SEAN NASHOLD, DAN SHADDUCK

PATHOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH AN EPIZOOTIC OF FIBROMATOSIS IN GRAY SQUIRRELS (SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS).  SCOTT P. TERRELL, PAMELA E. GINN, DONALD J. FORRESTER

KIDNEY AGENESIS IN TWO FLORIDA BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS FLORIDANUS) FROM A NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA POPULATION.  MARK W. CUNNINGHAM, SCOTT P. TERRELL, GARRY W. FOSTER, MIKE R. DUNBAR, DONALD J. FORRESTER

SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR CANINE CORONA VIRUS IN WOLVES FROM INTERIOR ALASKA.  RANDALL L. ZARNKE, MARK McNAY, JAY VER HOEF

SERUM NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY TITERS IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) SUSPECTED OF BEING INFECTED WITH THE CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS.  CATHERINE M. BROWN

HEALTH ASPECTS OF A REINTRODUCTION OF CANADA LYNX INTO COLORADO.  MARGARET A. WILD, HERMAN DIETERICH, SUSAN DIETERICH,  TERRY R. SPRAKER, TANYA SHENK

AN UNUSUAL OCCURENCE OF HARBOR PORPOISE STRANDINGS IN MARYLAND - MARCH - MAY 1999.  CINDY P. DRISCOLL, SUSAN KNOWLES, BRENDA KIBLER, BRETT COAKLEY

POSTERS:

VACUOLAR MYELINOPATHY IN WILD BIRDS FROM AN IMPOUNDMENT IN THE NORTH CAROLINA SANDHILLS.  TOM AUGSPURGER, KIMBERLI J. G. MILLER, JOHN R. FISCHER

LEUCOCYTOZOONOSIS IN NESTLING BALD EAGLES, HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, IN MICHIGAN AND MINNESOTA.  JOHN N. STUHT, WILLIAM W. BOWERMAN, DAVID A. BEST

AN INVESTIGATION OF SHELL LESIONS IN A POPULATION OF TURTLES IN A MARYLAND LAKE.  CINDY P. DRISCOLL, SUSAN KNOWLES, BRENDA KIBLER, BRETT COAKLEY

IMMOBILIZATION OF FREE-ROAMING RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) AND OPOSSUMS (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA) WITH MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE AND REVERSAL WITH ATIPAMEZOLE.   TROY D. EVERSON, RAMIRO ISAZA, MELISA MINTO, MICHAEL W. DRYDEN

DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MALFORMATIONS IN THE NORTHERN LEOPARD FROG.    CAROL METEYER, KATHRYN CONVERSE, JUDY HELGEN, JIM BURKHART, RICHARD LEVY, SUSAN KERSTEN, LAURA EATON-POOLE

ORAL DELIVERY OF SEDATIVE AGENTS TO CAPTIVE WILDLIFE.  EDWARD C. RAMSAY, DANIEL GROVE, JUERGEN SCHUMACHER, KAREN KEARNS

BEETLES, BIRDS AND BATS:  CHLORDANE POISONING IN NEW JERSEY.  WILLIAM STANSLEY, DOUGLAS E. ROSCOE, ELIZABETH HAWTHORNE, JANE E. HUFFMAN

CAPTURE, HEALTH, AND MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF FREE-RANGING MANTLED HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUTTA PALLIATA) IN NICARAGUA.  GREGORY K. PETER, REX SOHN, LINDA A. WINKLER
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF WEDDELL SEALS, LEPTONYCHOTES WEDDELLII, IN McMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA.  PAMELA K. YOCHEM, BRENT S. STEWART, THOMAS S. GELATT, DONALD B. SINIFF

Legend for Figures:

Figure 1.  Dr. Ellis Greiner (far right) present the Terry Amundsen Presentation Award to Dr. Todd Cornish (second from right).  Honorable Mention Awards (from far left) went to Drs. Matthew Edmonds, Christina Sigurdson, and Felicia Nutter.

Figure 2.  Dr. Scott Wright (right) presents the WDA Distinguished Service Award to Dr. Ian Barker.

Figure 3. Dr. Bill Adrian (front right) was honored twice by receiving both the WDA Emeritus Award and the WDA Duck Award.  He is seated with all previous winners of the Duck Award.  Top row (from left):  Drs. Chuck Rupprecht, Tom Roffe, Jim Sikarskie, Terry Kreeger, Mark Drew, and Ian Barker.  Bottom row (from left):  Drs. Torsten Morner, Scott Wright (with the Duckling Award) and Bill Adrian.