SUPPLEMENT TO THE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES 

 Visit the WDA website at: http://www.vpp.vet.uga.edu/wda

 President's Corner
     The 1998 Annual WDA Conference in Madison, Wisconsin, was an excellent and successful meeting and it was well attended, including attendees from a number of countries outside of North America.  There was a challenging forum to open the meeting followed by an enlightening presentation on rabbit haemorrhagic disease in Australia by Dr. Brian Cooke, Wildlife and Ecology, CSIRO, Australia, the Carlton M. Herman Lecturer.  The WDA student presentations were of their usual high quality.  The rest of the program contained informative and stimulating forums on emerging wildlife disease and health issues from algal biotoxins, chronic wasting disease in cervids, to amphibian decline.  Interesting individual presentations and posters were on animals from New Zealand to Alaska and Finland to Japan, and on disease/health issues such as amphibian malformations, immunization of ducks for type C botulism, rabies in beavers, the application of molecular techniques for Mycoplasma and duck plague virus, brucellosis in American bison, and contaminants in bowhead whales in Arctic Alaska.

     The opening forum, "Is Wildlife Disease Research Meeting the Needs of Resource Agencies" included a panel of natural resource administrators who challenged us to examine the relevance of our research and to provide sound scientific advice and assistance on the management of diseases.  Wildlife diseases were considered important when the diseases impact human health and safety, and domestic animals; affect endangered or threatened species; cause large epizootics in wildlife, particularly in waterfowl; and produce chronic wildlife problems from contaminants.  Suggested improvements were to form active partnerships and task forces to solve specific disease/health issues, communicate research needs and results in an understandable and useful form to the wildlife managers, provide better assessment of the demographic impact of disease, address the potential disease problems associated with the movement of wildlife in interstate and international trade, and provide regular feedback to sustain the disease management process.  The panel encouraged research scientists to provide practical applications of techniques, and to give their best estimate of the disease problem and solutions.  Communication skills were considered critical and team skills were needed as well.

     Wildlife disease researchers should listen carefully to this message from the wildlife managers and improve our skills, create partnerships and dialogue with the managers to communicate effectively our plans and results, and strive to make our research relevant to the needs of the wildlife resource.

Robert G. McLean, President
 

WDA ACTIVITIES
Summary of the 1998 Wildlife Disease Association Conference.  The 47th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association was held at the historic Memorial Union, University of Wisconsin, along the shores of Lake Mendota in Madison, Wisconsin on August 9-13.  The meeting was hosted by the USGS/BRD National Wildlife Health Center, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the University of Wisconsin Institute for Environmental Studies and School of Veterinary Medicine, and the International Crane Foundation.  A record turnout of 235 participants registered for the conference, including 58 students and representatives from 13 countries: Australia, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, Japan, Kenya, the Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, and the United States.

     This year marks 50 years since the death of Aldo Leopold, a Wisconsin native considered the "father of wildlife management", who published such works as a Sand County Almanac and Game Management.   As a tribute to Dr. Leopold's memory, the conference opened on Monday August 10 with a forum entitled "Are wildlife disease researchers meeting the needs of resource agencies?"  Representatives from several wildlife management agencies provided perspective on this question and participated in a panel discussion, including Michael Anderson, Duck Unlimited, Canada, Steve Miller, Wisconsin DNR, and John Rogers and Steve Wilds from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  The panel and ensuing discussion with meeting participants was led by Tom Yuill from the University of Wisconsin.  The forum was immediately followed by this year’s Carlton Hermann speaker, Dr. Brian Cooke, who spoke on the topic "Rabbit haemorrhagic disease in Australia".

       Student sessions were also held on Monday and opened with the winner of this year's Student Research Recognition Award: Walter Cook, who presented a paper entitled "Brucellosis in elk: studies of epizootiology and control".  Walter received a plaque commemorating the award and was reimbursed for travel and conference registration expenses.

Next, thirteen students participated in the Terry Amundson Student Presentation Competition.  The competition was very close, as all the student papers were excellent, but the winner, announced at the Awards banquet on Wednesday night, was Li-Len Cheng with her paper entitled "Can the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, facilitate the evolution of California serogroup bunyaviruses in North America?".  Li-Len received a plaque, $100, and reimbursement of conference registration.

Three students received honorable mentions - Felicia Nutter ("Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA in a red wolf"), Heather McNeil ("Comparing serological responses of captive bighorn sheep to a multivalent Pasteurella haemolytica supernatant vaccine delivered via hand injection, remote implantation, or oral suspension") and Susan Kutz ("Development of a muskox lungworm, Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis, in the slug, Deroceras laeve, under arctic field conditions with comments on the impact of climate change").  These students all received a plaque and reimbursement of conference registration.   Congratulations to all for a job well done!

     On Tuesday, August 10, a symposium was held on Algal Biotoxins featuring several invited speakers, including Don Anderson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Wayne Carmichael, Wright State University, JoAnn Burkholder, North Carolina State University, Jan Landsberg, Florida Marine Research Institute, and Vicki Blazer, National Fish Health Laboratory.  This was a fascinating overview of harmful algal blooms that could potentially affect wildlife including marine phytoplankton that produce toxins such as brevetoxin, freshwater cyanobacteria, and the toxic ambush-predator, Pfiesteria.  The symposium was followed by general sessions on informatics and techniques, chronic wasting disease, brucellosis, and cervids.  The chronic wasting disease session was preceded by the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians Cutting Edge Speaker: Katherine O'Rourke, who presented a paper on "Control of prion diseases through genetics and live animal testing: variation between sheep and cervids".

     On Wednesday, August 12, another symposium was held on "Amphibian Declines" with several invited speakers, including Gary Casper, Milwaukee Public Museum, David Earl Green, National Institutes of Health, Robin Jung, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, and Carol Meteyer, National Wildlife Health Center.  A wide range of topics were covered by this symposium including issues surrounding the amphibian decline, the role of infectious diseases, contaminant effects on amphibians, and amphibian malformations.  The symposium was followed by general sessions on amphibians, turtles, and birds on Wednesday afternoon and a poster session.  On Thursday, general sessions continued with sessions on birds, environmental contaminants, and mammals.   The contributions of all the speakers and participants in the meeting were greatly appreciated.  A list of titles and authors of papers presented is included at the end of this Supplement.

     In addition to the scientific program, the WDA council and editorial board met on Sunday, August 9, to take care of Association business, and summaries of those meetings were provided to the membership at the WDA business meeting on Wednesday.  Also, the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians met on Tuesday evening.

     As always, this year's conference included a number of social events.  A welcoming reception for all meeting participants was held on Sunday evening at the University Club on the UW campus.  On Monday evening, over 220 individuals attended a picnic held at the International Crane Foundation in Baraboo, Wisconsin that featured award-winning Wisconsin cheese, locally brewed beer donated by the Great Dane Brew Pub in Madison, and, of course, bratwurst on the grill.   Personnel from the International Crane Foundation provided tours of their incredible facility and grounds where they maintain and breed all 15 species of cranes from around the world and manage acres of restored prairie and wetlands.   Picnic attendees also played volleyball and participated in the first WDA triathlon, sponsored by SafeCapture International.  The contest included a blowdart competition, distance judging, and a radio collaring race event.  Karen Woods from Madison, WI surprised herself by winning the event!  On Tuesday evening, the annual WDA auction was held with Dave Jessup returning this year as auctioneer extrordinaire.  With a little prodding from auction helpers and a few half barrels of beer, proceeds from this year's auction were approximately $7500.
 Our social activities culminated with the Awards Banquet held in the Great Hall of the Memorial Union on Wednesday evening.  Two awards were presented by President Bob McLean. This year's recipient of the Distinguished Service Award was Dr. Randy Davidson, a well recognized scientist, mentor, and leader in the study of wildlife disease.  Dr. Davidson has published extensively on the diseases and parasites of white-tailed deer, hogs, small game, and upland game birds; he has served the WDA as newsletter editor and council member and participated on several committees.
 
 

 
The Emeritus Award was presented to Dr. Ed Addison in appreciation of his many years of service and enthusiasm to both the study of wildlife disease and our Association.  Dr. Addison, recently retired from the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Wildlife Research Section, where he contributed many papers on the diseases and parasites of the moose as well as other large mammals.   He has served the WDA in the offices of President and Vice-President and also participated on several committees.   Both of the recipients are stalwarts in our Association and we are fortunate to know them as advisors, colleagues, and friends. 
 

Winners of the student awards were presented next, including the recipient of the WDA Scholarship, Melissa Chechowitz, who was awarded $2000.

 

    The last and final award presented was the coveted Duck Award, which, after much deliberation, was presented to Mark Drew by last year's recipient, Torsten Morner, "for actions better left unsaid but certainly within the spirit of the Duck Award" (Hmm... better ask Mark to explain!).   After dinner, Dr. Roger Knutson provided an entertaining and enlightening presentation on the inception of his popular book Flattened Fauna, a Field Guide to Common Animals of Roads, Streets and Highways and even brought a few of the unfortunate critters with him.   Participants then retired to the terrace overlooking Lake Mendota to enjoy and boogie to typical "Mad-town" rhythm and blues performed by Mel Ford and the Fairlanes.
 Thanks to the support of the meeting sponsors, the efforts of the organizing committee, and donations of local businesses, the meeting was a great success, and a very good time was had by all!

WDA Student Activities.  The Wildlife Disease Association offers several awards to encourage student participation in the Association and our annual conference, and to recognize outstanding student research.  The Student Research Recognition Award is given to the student judged to have the best research project in the field of wildlife disease.  The winner receives a plaque and up to $1,000 US to cover expenses related to the annual conference.  The Terry Amundson Student Presentation Award recognizes the best student paper presented at the annual conference.  Both the scientific content of the research and the presentation of that content are judged.  The winner receives a plaque, $100 US and a conference registration fee rebate.  The Wildlife Disease Association Scholarship (value $2000 US) is awarded annually to an outstanding student who is pursuing a masters or doctoral degree specializing in research on wildlife disease.  This award acknowledges outstanding academic and research accomplishment, commitment, and potential in pursuit of new knowledge in wildlife disease (or 'health').  Details on these awards will be printed in the January 1999 Newsletter (or visit last January's issue on the webpage for last year's requirements).

HAPPENINGS IN THE FIELD
Increasing Concern Over Chronic Wasting Disease in Captive Cervids.  Diagnosis of additional cases of chronic wasting disease in captive cervids over the last several months has raised concerns of the spread of this debilitating disease.  Cases have now been identified in Saskatchawon, Oklahoma, Nebraska, and South Dakota.  Investigations and trace-backs are on-going in many of these cases.   Surveillance programs for spongiform encephalopathies in both captive and free-ranging cervids including elk, white-tailed deer, and mule deer have been implemented in many affected states and provinces including Alberta, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, and Wyoming.  Many of these surveillance programs are limited to examination of brains from suspect animals that are debilitated or are showing neurologic signs.  However, other states, such as Wyoming and Colorado where chronic wasting disease has been identified in free-ranging cervids, are doing extensive monitoring of hunter-killed animals in addition to examination of suspect cases.

Botulism Task Force.  Based on both historic and recent records, avian botulism is a major mortality factor for waterfowl and other birds in western North America.  In an attempt to better manage recurring botulism outbreaks, Canadian and American wildlife and conservation specialists have joined forces to conduct research on wetlands where great numbers of birds die from botulism.  In Canada alone, it was estimated that a million birds died in 1997 of avian botulism (botulism type C) according to Brian Gray, chief biologist for Ducks Unlimited Canada.  Waterfowl species compose the greatest proportion of bird mortality, the remainder of the birds that die are shorebirds and gulls.  The working group on avian botulism was formed under the Prairie Habitat Joint Venture responsible for delivering programs of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan.  The objectives of the working group are to identify the impact of botulism outbreaks on waterfowl populations, to identify the factors that create outbreaks and to evaluate various management procedures.   While research on avian botulism has been ongoing for years by individuals such as the late Wayne Jensen who worked at the Bear River National Wildlife Refuge in Utah, many of the factors that trigger botulism toxin production are unknown.  To increase understanding of the environmental conditions necessary for a botulism outbreak, researchers are investigating water and sediment quality.  Additional research on waterfowl involves banding, tracking birds with transmitters and vaccinating birds.  Researchers will also fly over the three wetlands routinely to count the number of birds on the lakes.  The working group on avian botulism brings together: Ducks Unlimited and its research arm the Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research; the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre; the Canada Centre for Inland Waters; the Canadian Wildlife Service; Manitoba Natural Resources, Alberta Environmental Protection; the U.S. National Wildlife Health Centre; the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; and Utah State University.

1997 Hemorrhagic Disease Surveillance.  Since 1980, the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study at the University of Georgia has conducted a nationwide survey of hemorrhagic disease including geographic distribution, cycles, and disease manifestation.  The final report for 1997 was released in May 1998.  During the late summer and early fall of 1997, observations attributed to hemorrhagic disease were identified from 206 counties in 19 states.  While this may sound impressive, only two states (Montana and South Dakota) reported significant mortality; disease occurrence was mild in most states.  Genetic material compatible with epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus serotype 2 was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction from a bighorn sheep in South Dakota, but the virus was never isolated.  According to SCWDS data, the only virus isolate obtained in 1997 was a EHD serotype 2 virus from a captive white-tailed deer in Louisiana.  Captive deer introduced from the northern states into hemorrhagic disease endemic regions of the Southeast appear more vulnerable to hemorrhagic disease infections.  Persons interested in received a copy of the 19997 report can contact the Southeastern Cooperative Disease Study.  (Adapted from the SCWDS Briefs, Vol. 14(2), July 1998).

Remember the Importance of a Complete Necropsy to Document Causes of Mortality in Wildlife!  The Summer 1998 Wildlife Health Centre Newsletter from the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre this month reminds us of the value of a complete necropsy of dead wildlife performed by a trained pathologist.  The importance of such intense examinations are most obvious in forensic cases where evidence is required for legal proceedings and the pathologist can act as an independent expert witness.  Proper information regarding the cause of death of an animal or animals can aid wildlife personnel via data collection or response to a mortality event.  However, equally important are those situation in which the actual cause of mortality, as ascertained by the necropsy, is different from that anticipated prior to the necropsy.  Several cases examined by CCWHC were listed as examples.  Ring-billed gulls found (Larus delawarensis) found dead near two chemical factories and presumed to have died of effluent intoxication instead were found to have died from salmonellosis.  Common terns (Sternus hirundo) thought to have been killed by shooting had wounds incompatible with gunshot but suggestive of predation by great horned owls (Bubo virginianus).  Ciscoes (Coregonus artedii) found dead in a lake near a mine and suspected to have been killed by toxic effluents were found to have severe parasitic myocarditis.
 Similar disparate findings have been found during necropsies performed at the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study.  In two different cases, white-tailed deer showing neurologic signs and thought in one case to have a brain abscess and in the second to have been hit by a car have been diagnosed with rabies.  New diseases also have been found.  In the late 1970's, it was though routine histopathologic examinations of emaciated deer that Dr. Beth Williams identified the previously unrecognized lesions of a spongiform encephalopathy (now known as chronic wasting disease) that had never been described before.

     As was stated in the CCWHC Newsletter, "... In our experience, everyone involved in a controversy benefits when the actual nature of the problem is identified."  If possible, fresh carcasses should be transported to a diagnostic laboratory for examination.  However, if trained pathologists are not readily available, field personnel are encouraged to collect both fresh tissues that can be saved frozen and formalin-fixed tissues for later histopathological examination.  (Adapted from Wildlife Health Centre Newsletter, Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Vol. 5(2), Summer 1998).
 
Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report - July 1998 to September 1998

Avian botulism mortality in migratory water birds peaked during late summer and early fall. Mortality confirmed or suspected to be due to botulism was reported to the National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) from more than 50 sites in 15 states by wildlife personnel from both federal and state agencies. The greatest number of botulism outbreaks occurred in North Dakota and the greatest number of dead birds were collected in that state.

Avian botulism occurred at many sites in the Prairie Pothole area of North and South Dakota where botulism outbreaks had not been reported for several years. Avian botulism occurred for a second year in Illinois at the Chautauqua NWR and the majority of the 2,600 dead birds collected were green and blue-winged teal. In the other states a wide variety of avian
species were collected during outbreaks including 16 species of waterfowl, five species of shorebirds, five species of wading birds, grebes, coots, gulls and pelicans.

The highest mortality occurred in the dabbling ducks such as mallards, green-winged teal, blue-winged teal, northern pintail, northern shoveler, gadwall and American wigeon. However, many birds could not be identified to species because of decomposition. The total mortality reported to NWHC from botulism outbreaks was about 98,000 birds.

View the Mortality Report Table here.
 

 NEWS FROM EUROPE
GEEFSM Statement on Wild Animal Health and Free Trade. The GEEFSM (Group for the Study of the Ecology of Diseases in Mountain Wildlife) denounces the use of wild animal health issues as barriers to the free movement of goods and people in Europe. A discussion of diseases shared among humans, domestic animals and wild animals took place at a meeting of GEEFSM held on 15 May 1998 at Maloja (Grisons), Switzerland. The conclusions reached at the round-table discussion specifically relate to rabies, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis and classical swine fever (hog cholera) in wild boar, but equally apply to many other diseases.

     The GEEFSM urges the European Union and international health organizations to encourage and to support international research on disease reservoirs in wild animals. In addition, and based on more than 20 years of studies, the group recommends that the presence of infectious diseases in wildlife should be declared, but that such declaration by a nation should not result, automatically, in restrictions on trade in domestic animals considered to be susceptible to the same diseases. In the absence of supporting epidemiological evidence, GEEFSM consider that it is the responsibility of the competent health and veterinary authorities to first establish that there is significant risk to the domestic animal population or to the consumer.

     Participants in the round-table discussion came from Austria, France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. In the discussion on brucellosis, difficulties in detecting infection and determining etiology were noted. It is often questionable whether samples are adequately representative of animal populations and whether diagnostic tests are reliable. Monitoring the prevalence of infection in natural populations in space and in time is difficult, as is detection of infection or proof that a focus of infection has been eliminated. Finally, even when the dynamics of a disease are well described, the ways by which it might pass from wildlife to the domestic animal population or to humans remain obscure so that it is difficult to make general statements.
 For further information, contact Claude Guirand, GEEFSM President or Dominique Gauthier at the Permanent Office, Laboratoire veterinaire departemental, BP 1113, 73011 CHAMBERY Cedex, France. telephone + 33 04 79 33 19 27; fax: +33 04 79 75 25 92; e-mail, marc.artois@nancy.cneva.fr.

    Bulletin d’Information sur la Pathologie des Animaux Sauvages en France. Volume 17 of BIPAS has been published. In this issue, you will find a section on current literature by Marie-José Duchene and articles from the meeting of the (Group for the Study of the Ecology of Diseases in Mountain Wildlife (GEEFSM) which was held at Gap, France from 29 to 31 May 1997. We are not publishing the words of the superb songs of our Spanish visitors, nor the echoing chorus of the old French vet school boys. Perhaps this is a shame because that would, no doubt, give a sense of the convivial ambience of these annual occasions (Thank you, President Guéreau!). Marc Artois, Laboratoire d’Etudes sur la Rage et la Pathologie des Animaux Sauvages, CNEVA Nancy, BP 9, 54220 Malzeville, France (telephone +33 3 83 29 89 50; fax + 33 3 83 29 89 59; e-mail, marc.artois@nancy.cneva.fr).

African Section.  For information regarding the African Section, contact Nancy Kock, Department of Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleaseant, Harare, Zimbabwe; telephone: 303211; fax:(263) (4) 333407/335249.

Australasian Section.  For information regarding the Australasian Section, contact Rosemary Booth, c/o Currumbin Sanctuary, Tomewin Road, Currumbin Beach, Queensland 4223; telephone: (075) 5341 266; fax: (075) 5347 427.

European Section.  Material suitable for publication in the Newsletter includes news of recent wildlife disease outbreaks in Europe, short case reports, announcements and reports of relevant meetings in Europe, and job and scholarship announcements.  Submissions should be in English, but contributors for whom English is a second language and who send material in basic English or in their own language, will be accommodated as far as possible.  Deadline for submission of articles for the next issue (January 1999) is 21 November 1998.  Please mail (floppy disk preferred), fax or e-mail submissions to Seamus Kennedy, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland; telephone: +44 (1232) 525701, fax: +44 (1232) 525767, e-mail: kennedys@dani.gov.uk.

Latin American Section.  For information regarding the Latin American Section, contact Alonso Aguirre, P.O. Box 8291, Honolulu, HI 96830 USA; telephone: (808) 592-8308; fax: (808) 592-8301; e-mail: Alonso.Aguirre@noaa.gov

Nordic Section.  For information regarding the Nordic Section, contact Hans-Henrik Dietz, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Fur Animal and Wildlife Diseases, 2 Hangovej, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; telephone: 45-89-37-24-17; fax: 45-89-37-24-70; email: hhd@svs.dk

Wildlife Veterinarian Section.  For information regarding the Wildlife Veterinarians Section, contact Sarah Shapiro Hurley, Bureau of Wildlife Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 101 S. Webster Street, Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707-7921; telephone: (607) 267-7472; fax: (608) 267-7857; e-mail: HURLES@DNR.STATE.WI.US

Note from the Editor:  Please send meeting announcements, diagnostic riddles, position and grant announcements, miscellaneous items, etc. for the Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases to Charlotte F. Quist, SCWDS/Athens Diagnostic Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; telephone:(706) 542-5349; fax: (706) 542-5977; e-mail: CQUIST@ADL300.VET.UGA.EDU   Double spaced typewritten or electronic mail files in WordPerfect 5.1 or Microsoft Word are preferred.  The deadline for submission of articles for the next issue (January 1999, JWD Vol. 35, No. 1) is November 25, 1998.
 
 

 Titles and authors of papers presented at the 47th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association held in Madison, Wisconsin USA in August 1998.  The name of the presenter is underlined.

FIBROPAPILLOMATOSIS IN OLIVE RIDLEY TURTLES (LEPIDOCHELYS OLIVACEA). A. ALONSO AGUIRRE, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, 2570 Dole St., Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2396; TERRY R. SPRAKER, State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; ANNY CHAVES AND  LESLIE DU TOIT, Douglas Robinson Marine Turtle Research Center, Ostional, Costa Rica; WHITNEY EURE, 220 Pinecrest Drive, Athens, Georgia 30605; and GEORGE H. BALAZS, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2570 Dole St., Honolulu, Hawaii 96822.

THE HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL (MONACHUS SCHAUINSLANDI) EPIDEMIOLOGY PLAN: HEALTH AND DISEASE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF AN ENDANGERED SPECIES.  A. ALONSO AGUIRRE, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, 2570 Dole St., Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822.

RECENT ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ISOLATED ENDEMIC POPULATION OF IXODES SCAPULARIS, THE VECTOR OF LYME BORRELIOSIS, AT POINT PELEE, ONTARIO, CANADA.  L.R. LINDSAY, Federal Laboratories of Health Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3M4; T.H. AKWAR, Department of Environmental Biology, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; I.K. BARKER, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1; and M.D. RAVYN, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, U.S.A.

HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE WATERS: CURRENT STATUS OF AN EXPANDING PROBLEM.  DONALD M. ANDERSON, Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA 02543 U.S.A.

IMPLANTATION OF INTRAPERITONEAL RADIOTRANSMITTERS IN BROWN BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS), WOLVERINES (GULO GULO) AND LYNX (LYNX LYNX): ANESTHETIC AND SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR FIELD USE.  JON M. ARNEMO, Department of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, N-9005 Tromsø, Norway; PER DYPSUND, Ringerike Animal Clinic, N-3500 Hønefoss, Norway;  FINN BERNTSEN and JOHAN SCHULZE, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, N-7005 Trondheim, Norway; SARI J. WEDUL, Elverum Animal Clinic, N-2400 Elverum, Norway; BIRGIT RANHEIM, Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway; and LINE G. LUNDSTEIN, N-9170 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.

HABITAT MANAGEMENT AND VECTOR CONTROL: PROSPECTS FOR MANAGING AVIAN DISEASE IN HAWAIIAN FOREST BIRDS.  CARTER T. ATKINSON, JULIE K. LEASE, NICHOLAS P. SHEMA, ROBERT J. DUSEK, and BETH M. DRAKE, USGS-Biological Resources Division, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Hawaii National Park, HI   96718.

THE HOST RANGE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IS ALTERED UPON PASSAGE IN FERRETS.  JASON C. BARTZ, RICHARD F. MARSH, DEBBIE I. MCKENZIE and JUDD M. AIKEN.  Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences. University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706

ACAD (1.0):  THE ANIMAL CAPTURE AND ANESTHESIA DATABASE.  KEITH BEHELER-AMASS Safe-Capture International, PO Box 206, Mount Horeb, Wisconsin, 53572; DAVID BRUNSON, Dept. of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI, 53706.

DISSEMINATED ACTINOMYCES PYOGENES INFECTION IN A WILD FREE- RANGING WHITE-TAILED DEER, AND POSSIBLE EMERGENCE OF A NEW DISEASE SYNDROME IN DEER; FOOTWARTS (PAPILLOMATOUS DIGITAL DERMATITIS/INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS).  KERRY BEHELER-AMASS, Wildlife Health Program, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), P.O. Box 7921, Madison WI 53707; KATHY STRELOW, Wisconsin Animal Health Laboratory (WAHL), Madison, WI 53711; KAREN WOODS, WAHL, Madison, WI 53711; ANDY NELSON, WDNR, Horicon, WI 53032; NEIL WISELEY, Mayville Animal Clinic, Mayville, WI 53050.

SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN A COLLECTION OF CAPTIVE CHILEAN FLAMINGOS.  JEAN A. PARE and SANDRA R. BLACK, Veterinary Services, Calgary Zoo P.O. Box 3036 Station B, Calgary, Alberta T2M 4R8 Canada.

PATHOLOGY OF HEPATITIS B IN ARCTIC GROUND SQUIRRELS.  JOHN BLAKE, CHRISTINE TERZI, and KIMBERLEE BECKMEN. Institute of Arctic Biology, PO Box 757000, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000.

HISTOPATHOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF LESIONS IN FISHES FROM CHESAPEAKE BAY TRIBUTARIES.  VICKI S. BLAZER and CHRISTINE DENSMORE, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, BRD/USGS, 1700 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430.

A SEASONAL AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HELMINTH PARASITES IN WISCONSIN AMPHIBIANS.  MATTHEW G. BOLEK,  Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201.

A DIE-OFF OF TIGER SALAMANDERS, AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM CAUSED BY A NEW IRIDOVIRUS.  TRENT BOLLINGER, Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Dept. of Veterinary Pathology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4; DANNA SCHOCK, Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2; JINGHE MAO and V. GREGORY CHINCHAR Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.

MENINGEAL WORM (PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS) IN TERRESTRIAL GASTROPODS OF MICHIGAN'S UPPER PENINSULA.  PAMELA J. BOPPEL and WILLIAM M. SAMUEL, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

LONDON WATERFOWL PROJECT.  DEBRA BOURNE, Wildlife Information Network, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, England, SUZANNE BOARDMAN, Wildlife Information Network, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, England and JOSHUA DEIN, National Wildlife Health Center, USGS-BRD, Madison, WI  53711.

THE TOXIC PFIESTERIA COMPLEX.  JOANN M. BURKHOLDER and HOWARD B. GLASGOW, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Botany, Campus Box 7612, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27685-7612.

NECROPSY FINDINGS IN GREAT HORNED OWLS (BUBO VIRGINIANUS) FROM ONTARIO, 1990-98.  G. DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph,  Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.  and CHRISTINE BISHOP, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, PO Box 5050, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6..

CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS: HEALTH EFFECTS AND RISK ASSESSMENT.  WAYNE W. CARMICHAEL, Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435.

OVERVIEW OF ISSUES SURROUNDING AMPHIBIAN DECLINE AND THE ROLE OF THE DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS TASK FORCE.  GARY S. CASPER, Vertebrate Zoology Section, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 W. Wells St., Milwaukee, WI 53233.

THE ROLE OF AN ENDEMIC VIRAL INFECTION ON INDIVIDUALS AND ON POPULATION DYNAMICS IN EUROPEAN WOOD MICE, APODEMUS SYLVATICUS  AND BANK VOLES, CLETHRIONYMUS  GLAREOLUS.  JULIAN CHANTREY, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Liverpool University Vet. Field Station, Leahurst, Neston, Merseyside, L64 7TE, U.K.; SARAH FEORE, Dept. of Vet. Clinical Science, Liverpool University Vet. Field Station, Leahurst, Neston, Merseyside, L64 7TE, U.K.; MALCOLM BENNETT, Dept of Vet. Clinical Science, Liverpool University Vet. Field Station, Leahurst, Neston, Merseyside, L64 7TE, U.K.; MIKE BEGON, Dept. Biological Sciences, Nicholson Building, Liverpool University, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.

CAN THE ASIAN TIGER MOSQUITO, AEDES ALBOPICTUS, FACILITATE THE EVOLUTION OF CALIFORNIA SEROGROUP BUNYAVIRUSES IN NORTH AMERICA?  LI-LIN CHENG, JUAN D. RODAS, THOMAS M. YUILL, and BARBARA A. ISRAEL, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr. West, Madison, WI 53706; KEVIN T. SCHULTZ, Merill Inc., P.O. Box 2000, RY33-216, Rahway, NJ 07065.

BRUCELLOSIS IN ELK: STUDIES OF EPIZOOTIOLOGY AND CONTROL.  WALTER E. COOK and ELIZABETH S. WILLIAMS, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070.

RABBIT HAEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA.  BRIAN D. COOKE, CSIRO, Wildlife and Ecology, PO Box 84, Lyneham,  ACT, 2602,  Australia.

MODEL HEALTH PROTOCOL FOR IMPORTATION OF WILD ELK FOR RESTORATION.  JOSEPH L. CORN and VICTOR F. NETTLES, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES) AND GRAY FOXES (UROCYON CINEREOARGENTEUS) TO INFECTION BY EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS.  WILLIAM R. DAVIDSON, J. MITCHELL LOCKHART, DAVID E. STALLKNECHT, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and ELIZABETH W. HOWERTH, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.

PORCINE ZONA PELLUCIDA IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION IN COYOTES, CANIS
LATRANS.  THOMAS J. DE LIBERTO, USDA-APHIS-WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Predator Ecology and Behavior Project, Utah State University, Logan, Utah  84322-5295; FREDERICK F. KNOWLTON, USDA-APHIS-WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Predator Ecology and Behavior Project, Utah State University, Logan, Utah  84322-5295; J. RUSSELL MASON, USDA-APHIS-WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Predator Ecology and Behavior Project, Utah State University, Logan, Utah  84322-5295; LOWELL MILLER, USDA-APHIS-WS, National Wildlife Research Center, 1716 Heath Parkway, Fort Collins, Colorado  80524-2719; MICHAEL K. HOLLAND, Vetebrate Bio-control Cooperative Research Center, CSIRO-Division of Wildlife and Ecology, P.O. Box 84, Lyneham, A.C.T. 2602, Australia.

BRUCELLOSIS IN EUROPEAN BROWN HARES (LEPUS EUROPAEUS) IN DENMARK. A RESERVOIR FOR PORCINE BRUCELLOSIS?   HANS H. DIETZ, ERIK RATTENBORG, THOMAS H. ANDERSEN, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, Section for Small Animal and Wildlife Pathology, 2 Hangovej, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; and STEEN B. GIESE, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, 27 Bülowsvej, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.

NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN DOUBLE CRESTED CORMORANTS; CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS AND SEROLOGY.  DOUGLAS E. DOCHERTY, RENEE R. LONG, KRISTINA F. JAQUISH, DIANA R. GOLDBERG, and LINDA C. GLASER, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711.

EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS OF PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS IN WHITE-TAILED AND RED DEER.  MICHAEL S. DUFFY & MICHAEL D. B. BURT, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 6E1.

A VACCINE EFFICACY TRIAL OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN RB51 IN BISON.  MATTHEW D. EDMONDS, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; DAVID HUNTER, Idaho Fish and Game, Caldwell, ID 83605; MICHAEL GILSDORF, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Riverdale, MD 20737; JOE TEMPLETON, DONALD DAVIS, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and PHILIP ELZER, Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.
ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND CLEAN-UP GOALS FOR THE MOTHER LODE MERCURY MINE, PRINEVILLE, OR.  ANNE FAIRBROTHER and RICHARD S. BENNETT, ecological planning and toxicology, inc., 5010 SW Hout St., Corvallis, OR  97333.

NORTHERN FUR SEAL (CALLORHINUS URSINUS) STRANDINGS ALONG THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA COAST OVER TWENTY-THREE YEARS, 1975-1997.  DEBORAH FAUQUIER, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA  95616; FRANCES GULLAND and MARTIN HAULENA, The Marine Mammal Center, Marin Headlands, Sausalito, CA 94965; LINDA LOWENSTINE, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA  95616.

CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN BALD EAGLES FROM FLORIDA.  DONALD J. FORRESTER, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610; and NANCY J. THOMAS, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711.

EXPOSURE OF EMPEROR GEESE TO SELENIUM IN WESTERN ALASKA.  J. CHRISTIAN FRANSON and LYNN H. CREEKMORE, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711;  JOEL A. SCHMUTZ and ADA C. FOWLER, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Alaska Biological Science Center, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503.

EXPOSURE OF GREAT EGRET NESTLINGS TO MERCURY THROUGH DIET IN THE EVERGLADES ECOSYSTEM.  PETER C. FREDERICK, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, MARILYN G. SPALDING, Department of Pathobiology, MARIA S. SEPULVEDA, Department of Pathobiology, GARY E.WILLIAMS, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;  LEO NICO, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Florida Caribbean Science Center, 7920 NW 71st St., Gainesville, Florida 32653; and ROBERT ROBINS, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.

HUMAN INTERACTION RELATED INJURIES OBSERVED IN PINNIPEDS AT A REHABILITATION CENTER IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA 1986-1996.  TRACEY GOLDSTEIN, SHAWN JOHNSON, KRISTA HANNI, DEBORAH FAUQUIER, and FRANCES GULLAND, The Marine Mammal Center, Marin Headlands, GGNRA, Sausalito, CA  94965.

MITIGATING FOR BREEDING BIRDS THAT NEST AT SELENIUM CONTAMINATED EVAPORATION BASINS.  ANDREW G. GORDUS, JEFF L. SEAY, and SCOTT TERRILL, H. T. Harvey & Associates, 423 W. Fallbrook St., Suite 206, Fresno, CA 93711 USA.

GLOBAL AMPHIBIAN POPULATION DECLINES & THE ROLE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES.  D. EARL GREEN, National Institutes of Health, Building 28A, 28 Library Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5230.

EPIDEMIC EPIDERMAL CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS IS A CAUSE OF AMPHIBIAN POPULATION DECLINES IN CENTRAL AMERICA.  D. EARL GREEN, National Institutes of Health, Building 28A, 28 Library Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5230; KAREN R. LIPS, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6501; PETER DASZAK, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom.

HEARTWORMS AND LUNGWORMS IN ILLINOIS' CANIDS AND THEIR POSSIBLE EFFECT ON COYOTE CONDITION AND REPRODUCTION.  DAVID G. GREGORY, Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL  61920; TOM NELSON, Zoology Department, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL  61920; JEFF LAURSEN, Zoology Department, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL  61920.

SHOULD TRADITIONAL RABIES DIAGNOSIS BE ATTEMPTED ON FIXED TISSUE SAMPLES?  CATHLEEN A. HANLON, JOHN SHADDOCK, and CHARLES E. RUPPRECHT, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333.

EXPOSURE TO FISHING TACKLE IN SELECTED AVIAN SPECIES.  SCOTT P. HANSEN, J. CHRISTIAN FRANSON, and TERRY E. CREEKMORE.  U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711.

IDENTIFICATION OF DUCK PLAGUE VIRUS BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION.  WALLACE R. HANSEN, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, Wisconsin 53711; SUSAN E. BROWN, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 06523; SEAN W. NASHOLD, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, Wisconsin 53711; and DENNIS L. KNUDSON Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 06523.

EXERTIONAL MYOPATHY IN RECENTLY CAPTURED NORTH AMERICAN RIVER OTTERS (LONTRA CANADENSIS) FROM NEW YORK.  BARRY K. HARTUP, Wildlife Health Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; GEORGE V. KOLLIAS, Wildlife Health Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; MATTHEW C. JACOBSEN, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; BETH A. VALENTINE, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 and KEVIN R. KIMBER, Wildlife Health Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN URBAN WHITE-TAILED DEER  (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS).  KARMEN M. HOLLIS, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61801; LAURA L. HUNGERFORD, University of Nebraska, Great Plains Veterinary Education Center, Box 187, Clay Center, NB,  68933; J.P. DUBEY, Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705; CHRIS ANCHOR and JAMES CHELSVIG, Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Route 4 Box 178, Elgin, IL 60120.

LEAD POISONING AND CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED TRACE ELEMENTS IN COMMON EIDERS FROM FINLAND.  TUULA HOLLMÉN, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 57, FIN-00014 Helsinki University, Finland; J. CHRISTIAN FRANSON, U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711; ROBERT H. POPPENGA, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348; MARTTI HARIO, Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 6, FIN-00721 Helsinki, Finland; MIKAEL KILPI, Department of Ecology and Systematics, P.O. Box 17, FIN-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.

SELECTIN REGULATION IN WHITE-TAILED DEER INFECTED WITH EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS.  ELIZABETH W. HOWERTH, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; MOLLY MURPHY, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; and DAVID E. STALLKNECHT, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.

MOLECULAR AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR DIVERSITY OF PLASMODIUM RELICTUM IN HAWAII.  SUSAN I. JARVI, JEFFREY J. SCHULTZ and CARTER T. ATKINSON, USGS- Biological Resources Division, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Hawaii National Park, HI   96718.

BREVETOXIN AS CAUSE OF SUMMER MORTALITY IN COMMON MURRES (URIA AALGE) IN CALIFORNIA.  DAVID A. JESSUP, JACK AMES, California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 1451 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA;  GREG BOSSART, University of Maimi Medical Center and Miami Sea Aquarium, 4400 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA;  JAMES HILL, CVD-Idexx, 2075 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605 USA; MELISSA CHECHOWITZ, Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA; ANDREW DEVOGELAERE, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 299 Foam Street, Monterey, CA 93940 USA.

MARINE BIRDS AS POTENTIAL MONITORS  OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH.  DAVID A. JESSUP, California Dept. of Fish and Game, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 1451 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, Ca. 95060 USA;  MELISSA CHECHOWITZ, MIKE ZICCARDI, SCOTT NEWMAN, JONNA MAZET,  Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA;  FLO TSENG, International Bird Rescue and Research Center, 699 Potter St., Berkeley, CA 94710 USA.

THE EFFECT OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS AND TUBERCULOSIS ON PREGNANCY RATES IN WOOD BISON: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM WOOD BUFFALO NATIONAL PARK, CANADA.  DAMIEN O. JOLY, Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada; FREDERICK A. LEIGHTON, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada; and FRANÇOIS MESSIER, Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.

ARE CONTAMINANTS IMPACTING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS?  ROBIN E. JUNG, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Rd., Laurel, MD 20708.

SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS VACCINE STRAIN RB51 IN CAPTIVE ADULT COW ELK.   TERRY J. KREEGER, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 2362 Highway 34, Wheatland, WY 82201, MICHAEL MILLER, MARGARET WILD, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, 317 W. Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526, PHILIP ELZER, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.

THE EFFECT OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND OTHER CAUSES OF MORTALITY ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS.  THIJS KUIKEN, FREDERICK A. LEIGHTON, and GARY WOBESER, Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MUSKOX LUNGWORM, UMINGMAKSTRONGYLUS PALLIKUUKENSIS, IN THE SLUG, DEROCERAS LAEVE, UNDER ARCTIC FIELD CONDITIONS WITH COMMENTS ON THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE.  SUSAN J. KUTZ, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2B4; ERIC P. HOBERG, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA; JOHN S. NISHI, DRWED, Gov. NWT, Fort Smith, NT; LYDDEN POLLEY, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2B4.

EXPOSURE OF MARINE ANIMALS TO BIOTOXINS: IS THERE A CHRONIC DISEASE
PROBLEM?  JAN H. LANDSBERG, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Marine Research Institute, 100 Eighth Ave SE., St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701.

EFFECTS OF DIET AND SOIL INGESTION ON THE TOXICITY OF ZINC TO GAME-FARM MALLARDS, ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS: HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM CHEMISTRY.  JEFFREY M. LEVENGOOD, GLEN C. SANDERSON, WILLIAM L. ANDERSON, GEORGE L. FOLEY, PATRICK W. BROWN, and JAMES W. SEETS, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820.

PREVALENCE OF HEMATOZOA IN SORAS (PORZANA CAROLINA) AND VIRGINIA RAILS (RALLUS LIMICOLA) IN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN.  KATHERINE LEWANDOWSKI, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wiconsin-Madison, 601 Wingra St., Madison, WI, 53715;  CHRISTINE RIBIC & JENNIFER SKOLODA, USGS-BRD Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706; and LINDA SULLIVAN, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wiconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706.

MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SONGBIRD CONJUNCTIVITIS ASSOCIATED WITH MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM AND M. STURNI.  DAVID H. LEY, Department of Food Animal and Equine Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606; and STEVEN J. GEARY, Department of Pathobiology and the Biotechnology Center Vaccine Research and Development Facility, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, U-89, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3089.

IMMUNIZATION OF DUCKS FOR TYPE C BOTULISM.  ROBERTO MARTINEZ, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4; and GARY WOBESER, Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4.

COMPARING SEROLOGICAL RESPONSES OF CAPTIVE BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS) TO A MULTIVALENT PASTEURELLA HAEMOLYTICA SUPERNATANT VACCINE DELIVERED VIA HAND INJECTION, REMOTE IMPLANTATION, OR ORAL SUSPENSION.  HEATHER J. MCNEIL, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; MICHAEL W. MILLER, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-2097, USA; HARM HOGENESCH, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-1243, USA; JENNIFER A. CONLON, Merial, Incorporated, 115 Transtech Drive, Athens, Georgia 30601-1649, USA; IAN K. BARKER, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; PATRICIA E. SHEWEN, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.

FROG MALFORMATIONS: MORE QUESTIONS THAN ANSWERS.  CAROL U. METEYER, Biological Resources Division-U.S. Geological Survey,  National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711.

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY IN THE BOBCAT.  MILLER, D.L., Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami Florida 33136, B.J. WOODY, Animal Health Center, Franklin, Tennessee 37064, B.D. LEOPOLD, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 and E.D. STYS, Florida Fish and Game, Tallahassee, Florida 32399.

VACCINE-INDUCED CANINE DISTEMPER IN A GRAY FOX.   MILLER, D.L., Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami Florida, 33136, S. MCKINNEY, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, B.D. LEOPOLD, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762  and R. WILBUR, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS 39762.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN NORTHEASTERN COLORADO DEER AND ELK POPULATIONS.  MICHAEL W. MILLER, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-2097;  TERRY R. SPRAKER, Colorado State University Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado  80523; and ELIZABETH S. WILLIAMS, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming  82070.

OCULAR ABNORMALITIES IN DUCKS EXPOSED TO HYPERSALINE WATER FROM THE PLAYA LAKES REGION OF SOUTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO.  P.E. MILLER, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin; L.A. BAETEN, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin; S. SISSLER, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin; F.J. DEIN, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin; R.R. DUBIELZIG, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin; J. PAUL-MURPHY, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin;  C.J. MURPHY School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin.

LEAD POISONING IN BIRDS IN SWEDEN.  TORSTEN MÖRNER, THOMAS JÅGAS, CARL HÅRD AF SEGERSTAD, DESIRÉE S. JANSSON, Department  of Wildlife, National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 7073, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden and LARS PETERSSON, Department of Chemistry, National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 7073, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.

SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE AGENTS OF BLACK BEARS, URSUS AMERICANUS, IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.  JACK A. MORTENSON, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; BRUNO B. CHOMEL, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; DAVE A. IMMELL, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bear Research Station, Oakridge, OR 97463.

MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE IIA IN A RED WOLF (CANIS RUFUS).  FELICIA B. NUTTER, Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606; and FRANK J. GEOLY, Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina  State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606.

HEAVY METAL, RADIONUCLIDE AND ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN ESKIMO HARVESTED BOWHEAD WHALES OF ARCTIC ALASKA.   TODD O'HARA, Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska, 99723; GERALD BRATTON, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; PEGGY KRAHN, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Seattle, Washington; VICTORIA WOSHNER, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; LEE COOPER, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge Tennessee.

CONTROL OF PRION DISEASES THROUGH GENETICS AND LIVE ANIMAL TESTING: VARIATION BETWEEN SHEEP AND CERVIDS.  KATHERINE O'ROURKE, USDA, ARS, ADRU, 337 Bustad, WSU, Pullman, WA 99165.

BIOSAFETY STUDY OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN ARS/1 VACCINATION IN BISON BULLS: EVALUATION OF IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES.  STEVEN C. OLSEN, Zoonotic Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 70, Ames, Iowa, 50010; JACK RHYAN, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1716 Heath Parkway, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524; THOMAS GIDLEWSKI, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln Way, Ames, Iowa 50010;  MITCHELL V. PALMER, Zoonotic Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 70, Ames, Iowa, 50010; AMY M. HAYEK JONES, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health PO Box 1601, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522.

ISOLATION OF MHC CLASS II BETA GENES AND ITS APPLICATION TO WILDLIFE
DISEASE RESEARCH.  ANDREW J. PACEJKA, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112; WAYNE K. POTTS, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.

IMPACTS OF PCB EXPOSURE ON SNAPPING TURTLE REPRODUCTION, HATCHLING DEVELOPMENT, AND BEHAVIOR.  KATHLEEN A. PATNODE, BARB L. BODENSTEIN, and RANDALL R. HETZEL, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 101 S Webster St, Madison, Wisconsin 53707 and MIEL A. BARMAN, Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

PARASITIC MITES OF NORTH AMERICAN OWLS.  JAMES R. PHILIPS, Math/Science Division, Babson College, Babson Park, Massachusetts, 02157.

SURVEY FOR CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN CAPTIVE AND FREE-RANGING ELK AND DEER IN ALBERTA.  M.J. PYBUS, Alberta Fish and Wildlife, 6909-116 Street, Edmonton T6H 4P2 and D.K. ONDERKA and S. HONOUR, Alberta Animal Health, 6909-116 Street, Edmonton T6H 4P2.

SALMONELLOSIS IN WILD AND CAPTIVE BIRDS: PATHOLOGY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOLATES.   CHARLOTTE F. QUIST, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; SARAH V. MEADS, Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;  CESAR A. MORALES, Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; MARGIE D. LEE, Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and JOHN J. MAURER, Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.

HEALTH MONITORING OF FLORIDA'S ENDANGERED KEY DEER.  CHARLOTTE F. QUIST, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; VICTOR F. NETTLES, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and THOMAS J. WILMERS; National Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, Florida.

PATHOGENESIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN FERRETS (MUSTELA FURO) EXPOSED TO LOW AND HIGH DOSES OF MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS INFECTION.  TARIQ QURESHI, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; ROB LABES; COLIN MACKINTOSH, AgResearch Invermay, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand; and FRANK GRIFFIN, Department of Microbiology, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand.

CASE REPORT: FIRST REPORT OF LEYOGONIMUS POLYOON (TREMATODA:STOMYLOTREMATIDAE) IN AMERICAN COOT (FULICA AMERICANA) IN NORTH AMERICA.  C. L. RODERICK, R. A. COLE, USGS, BRD, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006   Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI  53711, KAY BROCKMAN-MEDERAS Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 647 Lakeland Rd, Shawano, WI 54166.

BRUCELLOSIS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK BISON (BISON BISON): QUANTITATIVE SEROLOGY AND TISSUE LOCALIZATION OF INFECTION.  THOMAS J. ROFFE, Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, FWP Bldg, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT  59717; JACK C. RHYAN, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, PO Box 844, Ames, IO 50010; KEITH AUNE, Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717; L. MICHAEL PHILO, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 9439 Owl Way, Bozeman, MT 59715; DARLA R. EWALT, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, PO Box 844, Ames, IO 50010; and T. GIDLEWSKI, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, PO Box 844, Ames, IO 50010.

HEMATOLOGIC VALUES IN CYTAUXZOON FELIS INFECTED FLORIDA PANTHERS (FELIS CONCOLOR CORYI) AND TEXAS COUGARS (FELIS CONCOLOR STANLEYANA).  DAVID S. ROTSTEIN, Department of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136; SHARON K. TAYLOR, Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission, 566 Commercial Boulevard, Naples, Florida 33104;  JOHN W. HARVEY, University of Florida, POB 100144, HSC, Gainesville, Florida  32610; and  JUDY BEAN, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, 1029 NW 15th Street, Medical Campus, Miami, Florida 33136.

WHEN SIZE MAY MATTER: RABIES IN THE BEAVER (CASTOR CANADENSIS).  C.E. RUPPRECHT, J. SHADDOCK, M. NIEZGODA, C.A. HANLON, L.A. ORCIARI, J.E. CHILDS, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333; J.T. McPHERSON, North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27611; and L. HUNTER, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC 27626.

RESERVOIRS FOR AVIAN CHOLERA: WETLANDS OR WATERFOWL?  MICHAEL D. SAMUEL, DIANA R. GOLDBERG, DANIEL J. SHADDUCK, LYNN H. CREEKMORE, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711.

RESERVOIRS FOR AVIAN CHOLERA: WETLANDS OR WATERFOWL?  MICHAEL D. SAMUEL, DIANA R. GOLDBERG, DANIEL J. SHADDUCK, LYNN H. CREEKMORE, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711.

GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS IN A CAPTIVE REINDEER AND STRAY CAT FROM WISCONSIN.  KURT D. REED, PAUL D. MITCHELL, Marshfield Laboratories, 1000 N. Oak Ave., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, SANJAY K. SHUKLA, EDWARD A. BELONGIA, Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, 1000 N. Oak Ave., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449.

PASSERINE AND WATERFOWL REPRODUCTIVE AND IMMUNE STATUS ON RECLAIMED WETLANDS ON OIL SANDS MINING SITES.  JUDIT E.G. SMITS, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3; and MARK WAYLAND, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X4.

ASSESSING HEALTH STATUS OF FREE-RANGING PSITTACINES IN THE BOLIVIAN AMAZON.  CATHERINE SOOS,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; BRUCE HUNTER, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; DAVID N. PHALEN,Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4475;  LAUREL NEUFELD, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; and CHARLES A. MUNN, Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460, USA.

CYCLIC PATTERNS OF HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN GEORGIA WHITE-TAILED DEER.  D.E. STALLKNECHT and V.F. NETTLES, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602.

PROBABLE MALIGNANT CERVICAL NONCHROMAFFIN PARAGANGLIOMA WITH PULMONARY AND CARDIAC METASTASES IN A SOUTHERN SEA OTTER (ENHYDRA LUTRIS).  HOWARD STEINBERG, The Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, CAROL U. METEYER, U.S. Geologic Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711, ELIZABETH J. GALBRAITH, Bristol-Meyers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543,  and DOUG M. ENGLAND, Meriter Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715.

EVALUATION OF A PORTABLE AUTOMATED SERUM CHEMISTRY ANALYZER FOR ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH STATUS OF HARLEQUIN DUCKS, HISTRIONICUS
HISTRIONICUS, IN THE FIELD.  MICHAEL K. STOSKOPF, Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606; DANIEL M. MULCAHY, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Alaska Biological Science Center, 1011 E. Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503; DANIEL ESLER, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Alaska Biological Science Center, 1011 E. Tudor Road,Anchorage, Alaska 99503.

WILDLIFE POISONING IN THE UNITED STATES: A LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSPECTIVE.  RICHARD K. STROUD, RHODA M. RALSTON, MARK KIRMS, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Law Enforcement, Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory, 1490 East Main Street, Ashland, OR 97520.

FORENSIC EVALUATIONS OF WOLF CARCASSES: IS MS RED RIDING HOOD GUILTY?  RICHARD K. STROUD, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory, 1490 E. Main, Ashland, Oregon 97530.

CHARACTERIZATION OF DUCK PLAGUE ISOLATES BY AMPLIFIED RESTRICTION FRAGMENT POLYMORPHISM (AFLP) ANALYSIS.  ROSER VELARDE, WALLACE R. HANSEN, and SEAN NASHOLD, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, Wisconsin 53711.

VACCINATION OF BLACK-FOOTED FERRET X SIBERIAN POLECAT HYBRIDS AGAINST CANINE DISTEMPER WITH  RECOMBINANT AND MODIFIED-LIVE VIRUS VACCINES.  ELIZABETH S. WILLIAMS, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070; RICHARD J. MONTALI, Department of Pathology, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20008.

FIBROPAPILLOMATOSIS OF GREEN TURTLES IN HAWAII...WHAT'S NEW?  THIERRY M. WORK, USGS-BRD National Wildlife Health Center Honolulu Field Station, PO Box 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850; GEORGE H. BALAZS, NOAA-National Marine Fisheries Service, 2570 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822; JIM CASEY, SANDRA QUACKENBUSH, JOEL ROVNAK, RUFINA CASEY and PAUL BOWSER, Cornell University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853; DOUG DOCHERTY and MELODY MOORE, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schoeder Rd., Madison, WI 53711; ROSE RASKIN and SCOTT WHITTAKER, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

MONITORING HEALTH OF TROPICAL PELAGIC SEABIRDS IN HAWAII.  THIERRY M. WORK and ROBERT A. RAMEYER. USGS-BRD National Wildlife Health Center Honolulu Field Station, PO Box 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850.

SELECTED BLOOD PARAMETERS COLLECTED FROM WILD MANATEES IN FLORIDA.  SCOTT D. WRIGHT and J. MARK SWEAT, Marine Mammal Pathobiology Laboratory, Florida Marine Research Institute, Department of Environmental Protection, St. Petersburg, Florida; CATHY PERRY, Sea World of Florida, Orlando, Florida.

GENDER VARIATION IN ELEPHANT SEAL (MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS) BLOOD PARAMETERS DURING THE BREEDING SEASON.  PAMELA K. YOCHEM, Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, 2595 Ingraham St., San Diego, California 92109; BRENT S. STEWART, Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, 2595 Ingraham St., San Diego, California 92109; and DAVID A. JESSUP, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 1451 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, California 95060.

HELMINTH COMMUNITIES IN SIX SPECIES OF AMPHIBIA FROM SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN.  H. RANDALL YODER, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201.

THE RACCOON DOG IS A POSSIBLE RESERVOIR FOR CANINE HEARTWORM?  MOTONOBU YOSHIDA, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Osaka, Japan. KAZUHIDE NAKAGAKI, Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Jui-Chikusan University, Musashino Tokyo 183, Japan, SADAO NOGAMI, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa RYUICHIRO MAEDA, Teikyo University of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo HIROMI KATAE, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., and SHIN-ICHI HAYAMA, Nippon Jui-Chikusan University.

DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN-CONTAINING CELLS IN THE AMERICAN LEOPARD FROG, RANA PIPIENS: EMBRYOGENESIS THROUGH ADULTHOOD.   LESLIE D. ZETTERGREN and BRIAN J. HALSTEAD.  Department of Biology, Carroll College, Waukesha, WI 53186 and NIEHS Aquatic Biomedical Research Laboratories, Great Lakes WATER Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53204.